{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T21:55:41Z","timestamp":1767650141340,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Information Technology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> This paper addresses the problem of information technology systems failure. It is argued that conventional approaches to project management assume that success depends upon imposing control. This paper invokes a novel metaphor, namely the chimpanzees\u2019 tea party, for highlighting the limits of this assumption and showing how control-based approaches to project management can be counterproductive. Paradoxically, situations may arise where projects can be more effectively controlled by not attempting to impose control. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Mind is the forerunner of everything. Mind is sovereign. All things are generated by mind. <\/jats:p><jats:p> (Dhamnapadi, verse 1) <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/0268396032000122123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,1,30]],"date-time":"2004-01-30T18:21:25Z","timestamp":1075486885000},"page":"151-158","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The Chimpanzees\u2019 Tea Party: A New Metaphor for Project Managers"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Helga","family":"Drummond","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Administration and Management, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Hodgson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Public Administration and Management, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Information Systems: A Managerial Perspective","year":"1996","author":"Alter 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