{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T20:48:41Z","timestamp":1763498921389,"version":"3.28.0"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,1]],"date-time":"2008-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recent challenges to Chomsky's <jats:italic>poverty of the stimulus<\/jats:italic> thesis for language acquisition suggest that children's primary data may carry \u201cindirect evidence\u201d about linguistic constructions despite containing no instances of them. Indirect evidence is claimed to suffice for grammar acquisition, without need for innate knowledge. This article reports experiments based on those of , who demonstrated that a simple bigram language model can induce the correct form of auxiliary inversion in certain complex questions. This article investigates the nature of the indirect evidence that supports this learning, and assesses how reliably it is available. Results confirm the original finding for one specific sentence type but show that the model's success is highly circumscribed. It performs poorly on inversion in related constructions in English and Dutch. Because other, more powerful statistical models have so far been shown to succeed only on the same limited subset of cases as the bigram model, it remains to be seen whether stimulus richness can be substantiated more generally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210802067053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,20]],"date-time":"2008-06-20T14:43:42Z","timestamp":1213973022000},"page":"771-787","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Bigrams and the Richness of the Stimulus"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Xu\u00e2n\u2010Nga Cao","family":"Kam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Iglika","family":"Stoyneshka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Lidiya","family":"Tornyova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Janet D.","family":"Fodor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"William G.","family":"Sakas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03640210701703766"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1017\/S030500090000595X","article-title":"Patterns of vowel modification in motherese","volume":"11","author":"Bernstein\u2010Ratner N.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Journal of Child Language"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Bol G. W.Optional subjects in Dutch child languageInKoster C. Wijnen F.(Eds.) 1996Proceedings of the Groningen Assembly on Language Acquisition125\u2013135."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/csla.1999.0128"},{"volume-title":"Problems of knowledge and freedom","year":"1971","author":"Chomsky N.","key":"e_1_2_9_6_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark A. Eyraud R.Learning auxiliary fronting with grammatical inference2006Paper presented at the 10th conference on Computational Natural Language Learning. New York.","DOI":"10.3115\/1596276.1596300"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"345","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 31st annual Boston University conference on language development","author":"Kam X.\u2010N. C.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Kam X.\u2010N. C. Stoyneshka I. Tornyova L. Fodor J. D. Sakas W. G.Bigram\u2010based learning and the richness of the stimulus for language acquisition.2007http:\/\/web.gc.cuny.edu\/dept\/lingua\/libaIn LIBA (Linguistics in the Big Apple: CUNY\/NYU Working Papers in Linguistics) at."},{"volume-title":"First steps in Wh\u2010movement","year":"1997","author":"Kampen Van J.","key":"e_1_2_9_10_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","first-page":"359","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 26th annual Boston University conference on language development","author":"Lewis J. D.","year":"2001"},{"volume-title":"The CHILDES\u2010project. Volume 2: Tools for analyzing talk: The database.","year":"2000","author":"MacWhinney B.","key":"e_1_2_9_12_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Perfors A. Tenenbaum J. Regier T.Poverty of the stimulus? A rational approachJuly 2006Paper presented at the 28th annual conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Vancouver Canada."},{"volume-title":"Proceedings supplement of the 28th annual Boston University conference on language development","year":"2003","author":"Reali F.","key":"e_1_2_9_14_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog0000_28"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","article-title":"A review of the poverty of stimulus argument [Special issue]","volume":"19","author":"Ritter N.","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Linguistic Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.274.5294.1926"}],"container-title":["Cognitive Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1080%2F03640210802067053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1080%2F03640210802067053","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/03640210802067053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,26]],"date-time":"2024-10-26T16:45:00Z","timestamp":1729961100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1080\/03640210802067053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/03640210802067053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/03640210802067053","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-0213","1551-6709"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0364-0213"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1551-6709"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2008-06-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}