{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T01:16:34Z","timestamp":1792631794050,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]],"date-time":"2020-11-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1604275200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2020.1839959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,23]],"date-time":"2020-10-23T10:04:47Z","timestamp":1603447487000},"page":"117-134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":99,"title":["Hydroxychloroquine: a comprehensive review and its controversial role in coronavirus disease 2019"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6315-6879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pankaj","family":"Bansal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic Health System","place":["Eau Claire, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6070-1747","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amandeep","family":"Goyal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","place":["Kansas City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"IV","given":"Austin","family":"Cusick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine","place":["Athens, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubham","family":"Lahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University College of Medical Sciences","place":["New Delhi, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harpal S.","family":"Dhaliwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Christian Medical College and Hospital","place":["Ludhiana, India"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Bhyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cape Fear Valley Hospital","place":["Fayetteville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradnya Brijmohan","family":"Bhattad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East Tennessee State University","place":["Johnson City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fawad","family":"Aslam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["Scottsdale, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sagar","family":"Ranka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","place":["Kansas City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tarun","family":"Dalia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kansas Medical Center","place":["Kansas City, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9193-5981","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lovely","family":"Chhabra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Heartland Regional Medical Center, Southern IL University","place":["Carbondale, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devang","family":"Sanghavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["Jacksonville, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavin","family":"Sonani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"HSHS St John\u2019s Hospital","place":["Springfield, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"John M.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mayo Clinic","place":["Rochester, USA"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-020-0372-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70187-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.08.085"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104228"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Novel Coronavirus; [cited 2020 August 31]. Available from: 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202000919"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1787"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0888-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2020.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.017144"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.120.008662"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1834"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780331001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2006.068676"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0656-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/41.8.924"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","unstructured":"National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem Database; [cited 2020 Jun 7]. Available from: CID = 123133626 https:\/\/pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/compound\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0049-0172(10)80012-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-015-0239-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/355167a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(83)91264-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.85.3.839"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32834456bf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0961203302lu147rr"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22157"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.21031"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","first-page":"1122","article-title":"Antagonism of immunostimulatory CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides by quinacrine, chloroquine, and structurally related compounds","volume":"160","author":"Macfarlane DE","year":"1950","unstructured":"Macfarlane DE, Manzel L. Antagonism of immunostimulatory CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides by quinacrine, chloroquine, and structurally related compounds. J Immunol Baltim Md. 1950;160(3):1122\u20131131.","journal-title":"J Immunol Baltim Md"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2020-137785"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.79.23.14614-14621.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","first-page":"bjgpopen20X1010","article-title":"Should chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be used to treat COVID-19? A rapid review","volume":"4","author":"Gbinigie K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gbinigie K, Frie K. Should chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine be used to treat COVID-19? A rapid review. BJGP Open. 2020;4(2):bjgpopen20X101069.","journal-title":"BJGP Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.101766"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9061867"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203312462757"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0689-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.03.112"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2014.08.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-8807(02)00118-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2048872612471215"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.60.3.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HCO.0000000000000514"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198701223160405"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euje.2006.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.120.016887"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_1","unstructured":"HCQ dosing information; [cited 2020 Jun 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/009768s037s045s047lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)78925-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0961203319829826"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780220805"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2004.023200"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_5_55_1","first-page":"2927","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity","volume":"27","author":"Stein M","year":"2000","unstructured":"Stein M, Bell MJ, Ang LC. Hydroxychloroquine neuromyotoxicity. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(12):2927\u20132931.","journal-title":"J Rheumatol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.57.10.582"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_1","unstructured":"Plaquenil Package Insert; [cited 2020 Jun 9]. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2017\/009768s037s045s047lbl.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101663"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_1","first-page":"m1844","article-title":"Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"369","author":"Chen Z","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen Z, Hu J, Zhang Z, et\u00a0al. Efficacy of hydroxychloroquine in patients with COVID-19: results of a randomized clinical trial. Epidemiology. 2020;369:m1844.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_1","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study","author":"Chen L","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen L, Zhang Z, Fu J, et\u00a0al. Efficacy and safety of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine in moderate type of COVID-19: a prospective open-label randomized controlled study. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_1","article-title":"Doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine as treatment for high-risk COVID-19 patients: experience from case series of 54 patients in long-term care facilities","author":"Ahmad I","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ahmad I, Alam M, Saadi R, et\u00a0al. Doxycycline and hydroxychloroquine as treatment for high-risk COVID-19 patients: experience from case series of 54 patients in long-term care facilities. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101738"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.04.27.20073379"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202005.0057.v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.26286"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.06.099"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_1","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine is associated with slower viral clearance in clinical COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease: a retrospective study","author":"Mallat J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mallat J, Hamed F, Balkis M, et\u00a0al. Hydroxychloroquine is associated with slower viral clearance in clinical COVID-19 patients with mild to moderate disease: a retrospective study. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medmal.2020.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_1","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in patients with COVID-19","author":"Faico-Filho KS","year":"2020","unstructured":"Faico-Filho KS, Conte DD, Souza Luna LK, et\u00a0al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine on SARS-CoV-2 viral load in patients with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_1","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine has no effect on SARS-CoV-2 load in nasopharynx of patients with mild form of COVID-19","author":"Komissarov A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Komissarov A, Molodtsov I, Ivanova O, et\u00a0al. Hydroxychloroquine has no effect on SARS-CoV-2 load in nasopharynx of patients with mild form of COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_1","article-title":"Time to negative PCR from symptom onset in COVID-19 patients on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin \u2013 a real world experience","author":"Saleemi SA","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saleemi SA, Alrajhi A, Alhajji M, et\u00a0al. Time to negative PCR from symptom onset in COVID-19 patients on hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin \u2013 a real world experience. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1844"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03117-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa791"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2012410"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_1","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and in-hospital mortality or discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: a cohort study of 4,642 in-patients in France","author":"Sbidian E","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sbidian E, Josse J, Lemaitre G, et\u00a0al. Hydroxychloroquine with or without azithromycin and in-hospital mortality or discharge in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 infection: a cohort study of 4,642 in-patients in France. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_1","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab Therapy in COVID-19 Patients \u2013 an observational study","author":"Ip A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ip A, Berry DA, Hansen E, et\u00a0al. Hydroxychloroquine and Tocilizumab Therapy in COVID-19 Patients \u2013 an observational study. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_1","article-title":"Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine treatment among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States- real-world evidence from a federated electronic medical record network","author":"Singh S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singh S, Khan A, Chowdhry M, et\u00a0al. Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine treatment among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in the United States- real-world evidence from a federated electronic medical record network. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_1","article-title":"Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United states veterans hospitalized with COVID-19","author":"Magagnoli J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magagnoli J, Narendran S, Pereira F, et\u00a0al. Outcomes of hydroxychloroquine usage in United states veterans hospitalized with COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.8630"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_1","article-title":"Outcomes of persons with COVID-19 in hospitals with and without standard treatment with (Hydroxy) chloroquine","author":"Peters EJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Peters EJ, Collard D, van Assen S, et\u00a0al. Outcomes of persons with COVID-19 in hospitals with and without standard treatment with (Hydroxy) chloroquine. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_1","first-page":"PMC7255293","article-title":"Retracted: hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis","volume":"22","author":"Mehra MR","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehra MR, Desai SS, Ruschitzka F, et\u00a0al. Retracted: hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis. Lancet Lond Engl. 2020;22:PMC7255293.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31324-6"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_5_85_1","first-page":"215","article-title":"A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19]","volume":"49","author":"Chen J","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chen J, Liu D, Liu L, et\u00a0al. [A pilot study of hydroxychloroquine in treatment of patients with moderate COVID-19]. Zhejiang Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban J Zhejiang Univ Med Sci. 2020;49(2):215\u2013219.","journal-title":"Zhejiang Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban J Zhejiang Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m1849"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0242763"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2019014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_90_1","article-title":"Clearing the fog: is hcq effective in reducing COVID-19 progression: a randomized controlled trial","author":"Mehmood K. s","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mehmood K. s, Mirza Z e H, Naseem A, et\u00a0al. Clearing the fog: is hcq effective in reducing COVID-19 progression: a randomized controlled trial. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_91_1","article-title":"Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial","author":"Horby P","year":"2020","unstructured":"Horby P, Mafham M, Linsell L, et\u00a0al. Effect of hydroxychloroquine in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: preliminary results from a multi-centre, randomized, controlled trial. medRxiv. 2020. 2020.07.15.20151852.","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_92_1","first-page":"M20","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19: a randomized trial","author":"Skipper CP","year":"2020","unstructured":"Skipper CP, Pastick KA, Engen NW, et\u00a0al. Hydroxychloroquine in nonhospitalized adults with early COVID-19: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020:M20\u20134207.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_93_1","unstructured":"NIH halts clinical trial of hydroxychloroquine; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/nih-halts-clinical-trial-hydroxychloroquine."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_94_1","unstructured":"\u201cSolidarity\u201d clinical trial for COVID-19 treatments discontinued; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019\/global-research-on-novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov\/solidarity-clinical-trial-for-COVID-19-treatments."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_95_1","unstructured":"WHO discontinues hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir\/ritonavir treatment arms for COVID-19; [cited 2020 Oct 18]. Available from: www.who.int\/news-room\/detail\/04-07-2020-who-discontinues-hydroxychloroquine-and-lopinavir-ritonavir-treatment-arms-for-COVID-19."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2016638"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_97_1","unstructured":"Remarks by President Trump Vice President Pence and Members of the Coronavirus Task Force in Press Briefing; [cited 2020 Oct 19]. Available from: https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/briefingsstatements\/remarks-president-trump-vice-president-pence-members-coronavirus-task-forcepress-briefing-19\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217566"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217871"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217690"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_101_1","article-title":"Absence of relevant QT interval prolongation in not critically ill COVID-19 patients","author":"Jaimez JJ","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaimez JJ, Macias R, Bermudez F, et\u00a0al. Absence of relevant QT interval prolongation in not critically ill COVID-19 patients. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_102_1","article-title":"Safety of hydroxychloroquine among outpatient clinical trial participants for COVID-19","author":"Lofgren SMM","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lofgren SMM, Nicol MR, Bangdiwala AS, et\u00a0al. Safety of hydroxychloroquine among outpatient clinical trial participants for COVID-19. MedRxiv. 2020.","journal-title":"MedRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_103_1","unstructured":"Healio Cardiology Today; [cited 2020 May 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.healio.com\/cardiology\/arrhythmia-disorders\/news\/online\/%7B7c68a265-6c04-4f7d-ace5-2c7f7f8182bb%7D\/fda-improper-use-of-hydroxychloroquine-chloroquine-for-COVID-19-may-increase-risk-for-arrhythmias-death."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_5_104_1.1","unstructured":"On March 28 2020. the FDA issued an Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) to allow hydroxychloroquine sulfate and chloroquine phosphate products donated to the Strategic National Stockpile(SNS) to be distributed and used for certain hospitalized patients with COVID-19"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_5_104_1.2","unstructured":"[cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/coronavirus-COVID-19-update-daily-roundup-march-30-2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_105_1","unstructured":"The AEMPS reports the controlled distribution of the entire hydroxychloroquine\/chloroquine stock; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.aemps.gob.es\/informa\/notasinformativas\/laaemps\/2020-laaemps\/la-aemps-informa-de-la-distribucion-controlada-de-todo-el-stock-de-hidroxicloroquina-cloroquina\/?lang=en%20(accessed%20June%2020 %202020)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_106_1","unstructured":"Among patients with COVID-19 the IDSA guideline panel recommends hydroxychloroquine\/chloroquine only in the context of a clinical trial; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.idsociety.org\/practice-guideline\/COVID-19-guideline-treatment-and-management\/#toc-3."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_107_1","unstructured":"EMA statement of COVID-19: reminder of risk of serious side effects with chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/news\/COVID-19-reminder-risk-serious-side-effects-chloroquine-hydroxychloroquine."},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_5_108_1.1","unstructured":"April 24 2020. Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for COVID-19: Drug Safety Communication - FDA Cautions Against Use Outside of the Hospital Setting or a Clinical Trial Due to Risk of Heart Rhythm Problems"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_5_108_1.2","unstructured":"[cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/safety\/medical-product-safety-information\/hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-COVID-19-drug-safety-communication-fda-cautions-against-use."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_109_1","unstructured":"Based on ongoing analysis and emerging scientific data FDA has revoked the emergency use authorization (EUA) to use hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine to treat COVID-19 in certain hospitalized patients when a clinical trial is unavailable or participation is not feasible; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/drugs\/drug-safety-and-availability\/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-COVID-19-outside-hospital-setting-or."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_110_1","unstructured":"NIH: The COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel (the Panel) recommends against the use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of COVID-19 except in a clinical trial (AII); [cited 2020 May 17]. Available from: https:\/\/www.COVID19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov\/antiviral-therapy\/chloroquine-or-hydroxychloroquine\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_111_1","unstructured":"ACP: evidence does not support chloroquine or HCQ use alone or in combination with azithromycin as prophylaxis for COVID-19; [cited 2020 Jul 18]. Available from: Accessed July 18 2020. https:\/\/www.acponline.org\/acp-newsroom\/acp-evidence-does-not-support-chloroquine-or-hcq-use-alone-or-in-combination-with-azithromycin-as"}],"container-title":["Annals of Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/07853890.2020.1839959","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T05:41:07Z","timestamp":1756964467000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/07853890.2020.1839959"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/07853890.2020.1839959"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07853890.2020.1839959","relation":{},"ISSN":["0785-3890","1365-2060"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0785-3890","type":"print"},{"value":"1365-2060","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=iann20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=iann20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-08-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-13","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-02","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}