{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T23:16:23Z","timestamp":1791155783542,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]],"date-time":"2007-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1167696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":1037,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acta Paediatrica"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> <jats:italic>Aim<\/jats:italic>: To investigate, through a prospective study, the detection rate of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> in sputa and gastric aspirate from tuberculous children in a low\u2010income country with high prevalence of tuberculosis and an increasing HIV epidemic. <jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: Gastric aspirates and\/or sputum samples were collected from 355 children with pulmonary tuberculosis as follows: from 136 children under 5y only gastric aspirate was taken, for 159 children aged 5 to 9 y both methods were used, and for 60 children over 10 y only sputum was analysed. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was based on clinical data, tuberculin test and chest radiography. All children were tested for HIV infection. <jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: Direct microscopy for acid\u2010fast bacilli was positive for 55 (15%) and mycobacterial culture for 183 (52%) children. The proportion of positive cultures was similar in all age groups. Among the 5 to 9 year\u2010old children who could produce a sputum sample, sputum gave just as good culture yield of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> as gastric aspirate. Of the clinical or radiological findings only weight loss was associated with a higher yield. Repeat gastric aspirate increased the culture yield by 6%. Mycobacterial culture from HIV\u2010positive children gave lower yield compared with HIV\u2010negative children.<\/jats:p><jats:p> <jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Our data suggest that one gastric aspirate for children less than 6 y and three sputum samples for the older children collected at an outpatient TB clinic, is enough to provide a close to 50% yield of <jats:italic>M. tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> available for culture and further analyses. However, with an increasing prevalence of HIV, this detection rate may be reduced.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2004.tb02953.x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,8,7]],"date-time":"2010-08-07T01:48:42Z","timestamp":1281145722000},"page":"311-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Detection of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i> in gastric aspirate and sputum collected from Ethiopian HIV\u2010positive and HIV\u2010negative children in a mixed in\u2010 and outpatient setting"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"93","author":[{"given":"I Berggren","family":"Palme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Gudetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Bruchfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M","family":"Eriksson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Giesecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1934.01960090048003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199506000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0104.950402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.94.1.1","article-title":"Clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of tuberculosis in infants","volume":"94","author":"Vallejo JG","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548809117220"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199209000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-199406000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.4.e40"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199709000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200111000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268801006215","article-title":"A controlled estimate of the risk of HIV infection in Ethiopian children with tuberculosis","volume":"127","author":"Berggren Palme I","year":"2001","journal-title":"Epidemiol Infect"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006454-200211000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(95)90491-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","volume-title":"Manual of diagnostic and public health mycobacteriology","author":"Groothuis DG","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199608010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.12.3206-3207.1996","article-title":"Improved sensitivity of direct microscopy for acid\u2010fast bacilli: sedimentation as an alternative to centrifugation for concentration of tubercle bacilli","volume":"34","author":"Miorner H","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(00)90230-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02724930020028849"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","unstructured":"BerggrenPalme I.Tuberculosis and HIV interaction in Ethiopian children. 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