{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T22:30:49Z","timestamp":1772749849189,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Computer Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2004.11647600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:31:59Z","timestamp":1769718719000},"page":"93-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Effects of Navigational Orientation and User Experience on User Task Efficiency and Frustration Levels"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Jean A.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-3515"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-3515"}]},{"given":"Yongseog","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322-3515"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","volume-title":"Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications.","author":"Anderson J.R.","year":"1990","unstructured":"Anderson, J.R. Cognitive Psychology and Its Implications. New York: Freeman, 1990."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","volume-title":"National Cancer Institute Technical Report","author":"Bailey R.W.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bailey, R.W., S. Koyani, and J. Nall. \u201cUsability Testing of Several Health Information Web Sites,\u201d National Cancer Institute Technical Report, September 7\u20138, 2000. Retrieved February 8, 2003, from http:\/\/usability.gov\/guidelines\/links.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","volume-title":"Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices.","author":"Blanchard P.N.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Blanchard, P.N. and J.W. Thacker. Effective Training: Systems, Strategies, and Practices. New Jersey: Pearson, Prentice Hall, 2004."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/280324.280332"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","volume-title":"\u201cWebsite Package Pricing,\u201d","author":"Carmichael A.S.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Carmichael, A.S. \u201cWebsite Package Pricing,\u201d May 20, 2003. Retrieved January 14, 2004, from http:\/\/www.Ascwebdesign.com.au\/html\/ws-costsl.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7552(95)00043-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1145\/267437.267456","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Hypertext","author":"Chen C.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Chen, C. \u201cStructuring and Visualizing the WWW by Generalized Similarity Analysis,\u201d Proceedings of the 8th ACM Conference on Hypertext, ACM, Southampton, UK, 1997, pp. 177\u2013186."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1145\/569005.569016","volume-title":"Proceedings from the Symposium on Smart Graphics","author":"Chewar C.M.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Chewar, C.M. and D.C. McCrickard. \u201cDynamic Route Descriptions: Tradeoffs by Usage Goals and User Characteristics,\u201d Proceedings from the Symposium on Smart Graphics, ACM, Hawthorne, NY, June 2002, pp. 71\u201378."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","volume-title":"\u201cWebsite Table of Costs,\u201d","author":"Connor R.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Connor, R. \u201cWebsite Table of Costs,\u201d May 9, 2003. Retrieved January 14, 2004, from http:\/\/websbyray.com\/table_costs.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1145\/234828.234845","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Hypertext 96","author":"Dieberger A.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Dieberger, A. \u201cBrowsing the WWW by Interacting with a Textual Virtual Environment \u2013 A Framework for Experimenting with navigational Metaphors,\u201d Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Hypertext 96, ACM, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 170\u2013179."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Proceedings of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Furnas G.W.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Furnas, G.W. \u201cEffective View Navigation,\u201d Proceedings of SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, Atlanta, GA, 1997, pp. 367\u2013374."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","volume-title":"Principles of Instructional Design","author":"Gagne R.M.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Gagne, R.M., L.J. Briggs, and W.W. Wagner. Principles of Instructional Design, 4th ed. New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1992.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Symposium on ETRA 2002","author":"Goldberg J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Goldberg, J., M.J. Stimson, M. Lewenstein, N. Scott, and A.M. Wichansky. \u201cEye Tracking in Web Search Tasks: Design Implications,\u201d Proceedings of the Symposium on ETRA 2002, New Orleans, LA, march 2002, pp. 51\u201358."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1145\/234828.234830","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Hypertext 96","author":"Hirata K.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hirata, K., Y. Hara, and S. Kawasaki. \u201cContent-oriented Integration in Hypermedia Systems,\u201d Proceedings of the 7th ACM Conference on Hypertext 96, ACM, Washington, DC, 1996, pp. 11\u201321."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","volume-title":"1996 Annual Conference of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology","author":"Hlynka D.","unstructured":"Hlynka, D. and J. Welsh. \u201cWhat Makes an Effective Home Page?\u201d 1996 Annual Conference of the Association for Educational Communications and Technology, AECT, Indianapolis, IN, January 1996. Retrieved February 6, 2003, from http:\/\/www.umanitoba.ca\/faculties\/education\/cmns\/aect.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1071-5819(03)00047-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"\u201cBuilding a Great Customer Experience to Develop Brand, Increase Loyalty and Grow Revenues,\u201d","author":"Hurst M.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Hurst, M. \u201cBuilding a Great Customer Experience to Develop Brand, Increase Loyalty and Grow Revenues,\u201d 2001. Retrieved January 15, 2003, from http:\/\/www.creativegood.com\/creativegood-whitepaper.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1145\/234828.234844","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext","author":"Jones S.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Jones, S. and A. Cockburn. \u201cA Study of Navigational Support Provided by Two World Wide Web Browsing Applications,\u201d Proceedings of the Seventh ACM Conference on Hypertext, ACM, Bethesda, MD, March 1996, pp. 161\u2013169."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"The Social Psychology of Organizations.","author":"Katz D.","year":"1978","unstructured":"Katz, D. and R.L. Khan. The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: Wiley, 1978."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7373(84)80018-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014492999119093"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(01)00053-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"Don't Make Me Think!\u201d","author":"Krug S.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krug, S. Don't Make Me Think!\u201d Indianapolis, New Riders, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","volume-title":"\u201cHow Much Does a Website Cost?\u201d","author":"Lillo S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lillo, S. \u201cHow Much Does a Website Cost?\u201d Retrieved January 14, 2004, from http:\/\/www.planetlink.com\/articles\/cost.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2001.11647041"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140130310001610883"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0953-5438(98)00017-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia","author":"McEneaney J.E.","year":"1999","unstructured":"McEneaney, J.E. \u201cVisualizing and Assessing Navigation in Hypertext,\u201d Proceedings of the Tenth ACM Conference on Hypertext and Hypermedia, ACM, Darmstadt, Germany, February 1999, pp. 61\u201370."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","first-page":"296","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Human Factors Society","author":"Miller D.P.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Miller, D.P. \u201cThe Depth\/Breadth Tradeoff in Hierarchical Computer Menus,\u201d Proceedings of the Human Factors Society, Rochester, NY, October 1981, pp. 296\u20133000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2002.11647502"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","unstructured":"Mok C. n.d. Retrieved April 24 2003 from http:\/\/www.brainyquote.com\/quotes\/quotes\/c\/q139365.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1145\/371920.371966","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the World Wide Web","author":"Neerincx M.A.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Neerincx, M.A., J. Lindenberg, and S. Pemberton. \u201cSupport Concepts for Web Navigation: A Cognitive Engineering Approach,\u201d Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on the World Wide Web, ACM, Hong Kong, 2001, pp. 119\u2013128."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","volume-title":"Designing Web Usability.","author":"Nielsen J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Nielsen, J. Designing Web Usability. Indianapolis: New Riders, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/77481.77483"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.13.2.151.88"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1145\/332040.332442","volume-title":"Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems","author":"Park J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Park, J. and J. Kim. \u201cEffects of Contextual Navigation Aids on Browsing Diverse Web Systems,\u201d Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, ACM, The Hague, The Netherlands, 2000, pp. 257\u2013264."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/014492998119274"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1147\/sj.393.0705"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing","author":"Pirolli P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pirolli, P., J.P. Pitkow, and R. Ramana. \u201cSilk from a Sow's Ear: Extracting Usable Structures from the Web,\u201d Proceedings of ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing, ACM, Vancouver, BC, 1996. Retrieved January 23, 2003, from http:\/\/www.acm.org\/sigchi\/chi96\/proceedings\/papers\/Pirolli_2\/pp2.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/228503.228525"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","first-page":"1378","article-title":"\u201cDesigning and Evaluating Animated Agents as Social Actors,\u201d","volume":"8","author":"Prendinger H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prendinger, H. and M. Ishizuka. \u201cDesigning and Evaluating Animated Agents as Social Actors,\u201d IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems, 8, 2003, pp. 1378\u20131385.","journal-title":"IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-39396-2_48","volume-title":"Intelligent Virtual Agents: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Prendinger H.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Prendinger, H., S. Mayer, J. Mori, and M. Ishizuka. \u201cPersona Effect Revisited \u2013 Using Bio-signals to Measure and Reflect the Impact of Character-based Interfaces,\u201d Intelligent Virtual Agents: Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 2003, pp. 283\u2013291. Abstract retried January 19, 2004, from the ISI Web of Science."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2002.11647507","article-title":"\u201cAn Exploratory Examination of Factors Affecting Online Sales,\u201d","volume":"42","author":"Rangathan C.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rangathan, C. and E. Grandon. \u201cAn Exploratory Examination of Factors Affecting Online Sales,\u201d Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42:3, 2002, pp. 87\u201393.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","volume-title":"Sociology: The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale","author":"Rosenberg Foundation","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rosenberg Foundation. Sociology: The Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale, 2000. Retrieved April 25, 2003, from http:\/\/www.bsos.umd.edu\/socy\/rosenberg.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","volume-title":"\u201cMethods Used to Evaluate and Design a Successful Website,\u201d","author":"Scheffelmaier G.W.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Scheffelmaier, G.W. \u201cMethods Used to Evaluate and Design a Successful Website,\u201d Dissertation, Utah State University, 2003."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2003.11647081"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/355112.355124"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","volume-title":"\u201cCosts for Building and Maintaining Your Website.\u201d","author":"Site Maker","year":"2004","unstructured":"Site Maker. \u201cCosts for Building and Maintaining Your Website.\u201d Retrieved January 14, 2004, from http:\/\/www.site-maker.com\/costs-for-building-website.htm"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","volume-title":"Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide.","author":"Spool J.M.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Spool, J.M., T. Scanlon, W. Schroeder, C. Snyder, and T. DeAngelo. Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide. San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 1999."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/208344.208348"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","volume-title":"Likert Scaling","author":"Trochim W.M.K.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Trochim, W.M.K. Likert Scaling, 2002. Retrieved April 26, 2003, from http:\/\/trochim.human.cornell.edu\/kb\/scallik.htm."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1080\/08874417.2002.11647481","article-title":"\u201cFactors Affecting E-commerce Web Site Effectiveness,\u201d","volume":"42","author":"Udo G.J.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Udo, G.J. and G.P. Marquis. \u201cFactors Affecting E-commerce Web Site Effectiveness,\u201d Journal of Computer Information Systems, 42:2, 2001\u20132002, pp. 10\u201316.","journal-title":"Journal of Computer Information Systems"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","volume-title":"Statistical Methods for Rater Agreement","author":"Uebersax J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Uebersax, J. Statistical Methods for Rater Agreement, 2002. Retrieved April 26, 2003, from http:\/\/ourworld.Compuserve.com\/homepages\/jsuebersax\/agree.htm."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"66","article-title":"\u201cWebCriteria Analyzes Web Customer Experience,\u201d","volume":"3","year":"2000","unstructured":"\u201cWebCriteria Analyzes Web Customer Experience,\u201d Intelligent Enterprise, 3:17, November 10, 2000, p. 66.","journal-title":"Intelligent Enterprise"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","volume-title":"\u201cYour Costs: Our Pricing Philosophy.\u201d","author":"Website Designerz","year":"2004","unstructured":"Website Designerz. \u201cYour Costs: Our Pricing Philosophy.\u201d Retrieved January 14, 2004, from http:\/\/www.websitedesignerz.com\/your_costs.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.55782\/ane-1994-1003","article-title":"\u201cOptimization of Repetition Spacing in the Practice of Learning,\u201d","volume":"54","author":"Wozniak P.A.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wozniak, P.A. and E.J. Gorzela\u00f1czyk. \u201cOptimization of Repetition Spacing in the Practice of Learning,\u201d Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentali, 54, 1994, pp. 59\u201362.","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentali"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society","author":"Zaphiris P.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Zaphiris, P. \u201cDepth vs. Breadth in the Arrangement of Web Links,\u201d Proceedings of the 44th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, San Diego, CA, July 30-August 4, 2000, pp. 139\u2013144."}],"container-title":["Journal of Computer Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08874417.2004.11647600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,29]],"date-time":"2026-01-29T20:32:06Z","timestamp":1769718726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08874417.2004.11647600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08874417.2004.11647600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08874417.2004.11647600","relation":{},"ISSN":["0887-4417","2380-2057"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0887-4417","type":"print"},{"value":"2380-2057","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,6]]}}}