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Women, as compared with men, had a higher level of education, were more likely to have migrated from other places to the city of Sao Paulo, to report past suicide attempts, and to have first\u2013degree relatives with alcohol problems. There were no gender differences regarding the total time of drug use, baseline severity of dependence, and rates of concurrent psychiatric comorbidity. Clinicians working with drug\u2013dependent women should note the high rates of suicidal behavior in this population, and should explore, besides psychiatric status, risk factors such as impulsive temperament traits. It should also be noted that higher rates of alcohol problems in women's family background pose challenges for the development of effective preventive and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070309511530","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,16]],"date-time":"2009-12-16T00:47:57Z","timestamp":1260924477000},"page":"17-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Gender Differences in Treatment\u2013Seeking Brazilian Drug\u2013Dependent Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Monica L.","family":"Zilberman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Women Drug Dependent Treatment Center (PROMUD)\u2014Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (GREA)\u2014Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, (IPq\u2013HC\u2013FMUSP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia B.","family":"Hochgraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women Drug Dependent Treatment Center (PROMUD)\u2014Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (GREA)\u2014Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, (IPq\u2013HC\u2013FMUSP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur G.","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Women Drug Dependent Treatment Center (PROMUD)\u2014Interdisciplinary Group of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs (GREA)\u2014Institute of Psychiatry, Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, (IPq\u2013HC\u2013FMUSP), Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897070309511530","first-page":"467","volume-title":"Psychiatric Illness in Women: Emerging Treatments and Research","author":"Greenfield SF","year":"2002"},{"key":"bibr2-08897070309511530","volume-title":"The American Psychiatric Press Textbook of Substance Abuse","author":"Blume SB","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr3-08897070309511530","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. 1998. 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