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This review will highlight progress in pharmacological interventions to treat methamphetamine dependence as well as explore new pharmacological targets. Published data from clinical trials for stimulant addiction were searched using PubMed and summarized, as well as highlights from a recent symposium on methamphetamine pharmacotherapy presented at the ISAM 2006 meeting, including interim analysis data from an ongoing D-amphetamine study in Australia. Early pilot data are encouraging for administering D-amphetamine and methylphenidate as treatment for heavy amphetamine users. Abilify at 15 mg\/day dose increased amphetamine use in an outpatient pilot study. Sertraline, ondansetron, baclofen, tyrosine, and imipramine were ineffective in proof-of-concept studies. Development of pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine dependence is still in an early stage. Data suggesting D-amphetamine and methylphenidate as effective pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine addiction will need to be confirmed by larger trials. Preclinical data suggest that use of GVG, CB1 antagonist, and lobeline are also promising therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070802218554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,12,31]],"date-time":"2008-12-31T01:38:45Z","timestamp":1230687525000},"page":"31-49","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Pharmacotherapy of Methamphetamine Addiction: An Update"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Elkashef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Medical Branch, Division of Pharmacotherapies and Medical Consequences of Drug Abuse, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 4151, Bethesda, MD, 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Vocci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Treatment Research and Development, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 6001 Executive Boulevard, Room 4133, Bethesda, MD, 20892"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glen","family":"Hanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Utah"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacotherapies Research Unit, Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Wickes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacotherapies Research Unit, Drug and Alcohol Services South Australia, Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Adelaide"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Tiihonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, Niuvanniemi Hospital, FI-70240, Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490050148053"},{"key":"bibr2-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490459915"},{"key":"bibr3-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2002.01053.x"},{"key":"bibr4-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.12.2015"},{"key":"bibr5-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.2.242"},{"key":"bibr6-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.6.1344"},{"key":"bibr7-08897070802218554","unstructured":"United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention 2002 ODCCP Studies on drugs and crime control: global illicit drug trends 2002 New York: United Nations Publications."},{"key":"bibr8-08897070802218554","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2003 Ecstasy and amphetamines, global survey New York: United Nations Publications."},{"key":"bibr9-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01944.x"},{"key":"bibr10-08897070802218554","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends","author":"Klee H","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr11-08897070802218554","first-page":"84","volume":"115","author":"Suwaki H","year":"1991","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"bibr12-08897070802218554","first-page":"199","volume-title":"Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends","author":"Suwaki H","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr13-08897070802218554","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb00852.x"},{"key":"bibr14-08897070802218554","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends","author":"Hando J","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr15-08897070802218554","volume-title":"Patterns of drug use in Australian society","author":"Makkai T","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr16-08897070802218554","volume-title":"Amphetamine misuse: international perspectives on current trends","author":"Klee H","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr17-08897070802218554","unstructured":"Office of National Drug Control Policy http:\/\/www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov\/publications\/drugfact\/pulsechk\/apr02\/index.html Pulse check accessed March 18, 2005"},{"key":"bibr18-08897070802218554","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies 2004 Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS). 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