{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:15:01Z","timestamp":1777896901074,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]],"date-time":"2009-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233446400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of this study was to establish the association between substance abuse and the sociodemographic characteristics of secondary school students. All the students of 17 randomly stratified public secondary schools in Nairobi were required to complete self-administered sociodemographic and the School Toolkit questionnaires in a cross-sectional descriptive survey. Nearly all (96.6%; 1252\/1296) the students, comprising more males (62.5%) than females, completed all the items on the questionnaires. Their mean age was 17 years. Alcohol and cigarette use were common and began as early as before age 11. No significant correlation was found between fathers\u2019 education and substance abuse. Mothers\u2019 education had a significant but negative correlation. There were increased rates of substance abuse compared to past surveys. Campaigns against drug use should include those aged 11 years and should focus on education on the dangers of alcohol and tobacco use, as these are gateways to use of other drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897070802606436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,1,28]],"date-time":"2009-01-28T20:39:06Z","timestamp":1233175146000},"page":"69-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Patterns of Drug Abuse in Public Secondary Schools in Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"David M.","family":"Ndetei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nairobi, Africa Mental Health Foundation (AMHF), Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lincoln I.","family":"Khasakhala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMHF, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victoria","family":"Mutiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMHF, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisca A.","family":"Ongecha-Owuor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, AMHF, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald A.","family":"Kokonya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Nairobi, AMHF, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897070802606436","first-page":"208","volume":"7","author":"Gordon H L","year":"1930","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"bibr2-08897070802606436","volume-title":"Drug trends across Africa: matching policy to need in African countries\u2014the case for Kenya","author":"Ndetei D M"},{"key":"bibr3-08897070802606436","series-title":"BA dissertation","volume-title":"Rural drunkenness pertaining to the African spiritual liquor (chang'aa): its causes and effects on rural development in Got-agulu sub-location, Yimbo location, Siaya District","author":"Ogutu F","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr4-08897070802606436","series-title":"Dissertation","volume-title":"Drinking of alcoholic drinks among school pupils in North Imenti\u2014Meru District","author":"Mbabu A N","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr5-08897070802606436","series-title":"Dissertation","volume-title":"Alcoholism and the individual: his integration in society. Case study in Mathare Valley","author":"Wanjiru F M","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr6-08897070802606436","first-page":"577","volume":"56","author":"Bitta O","year":"1979","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"bibr7-08897070802606436","first-page":"76","volume":"56","author":"Acuda S W","year":"1979","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"bibr8-08897070802606436","first-page":"152","volume":"59","author":"Dhadphale M","year":"1982","journal-title":"East Afr Med J."},{"key":"bibr9-08897070802606436","volume-title":"Epidemiology of Drug Use and Abuse: Final Report of a Pilot Study of Nairobi City and Kyaume Sub-location, Kenya","author":"Yambo M","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr10-08897070802606436","series-title":"Dissertation","volume-title":"The socio-economic effect of drinking (ethyl) alcohol","author":"Kiprono I R","year":"1983"},{"key":"bibr11-08897070802606436","series-title":"Dissertation","volume-title":"Chang'aa distillation and drinking in Idakho location, Ikolomani Division, Kakamega: Impact of the closure of busaa clubs","author":"Donde D FM","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr12-08897070802606436","series-title":"BA dissertation","volume-title":"The socio-economic factors related to khat use and abuse in Garissa, Kenya","author":"Haji A RJ","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr13-08897070802606436","series-title":"BA dissertation","volume-title":"The socio-economic determinant of drug use and abuse among the youth in Kenya","author":"Thuranira L M","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr14-08897070802606436","series-title":"MMed Psych dissertation","volume-title":"A student survey study on substance abuse at the University of Nairobi","author":"Mathai A M","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr15-08897070802606436","series-title":"BA dissertation","volume-title":"Drug abuse and alcoholism: a sociological perspective","author":"Ochino M A","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr16-08897070802606436","series-title":"MMed Psych dissertation","volume-title":"Prospective study on the characteristics of consecutive admission to Mathari Hospital","author":"Mwang'ombe C MA","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr17-08897070802606436","unstructured":"PHEADA 1993 Substance Abuse and the Youth Nairobi: Preventive Health Education Against Drug Abuse."},{"key":"bibr18-08897070802606436","series-title":"MMed Psych dissertation","volume-title":"Drug abuse among urban as compared to rural secondary school students in Kenya","author":"Kuria W","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr19-08897070802606436","volume-title":"Economic-Social-Political Aspects of Illicit Drug Use in Kenya","author":"Ndetei D M","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr20-08897070802606436","unstructured":"NACADA 2004 Youth in Peril: Alcohol and Drug Abuse in Kenya Nairobi, Kenya: The National Agency for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse."},{"key":"bibr21-08897070802606436","volume-title":"A Methodology for Students\u2019 Drug Surveys","author":"Smart R G","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr22-08897070802606436","volume-title":"A Rapid Assessment of Drug Abuse in Kenya: A National Report","author":"Mwenesi A H","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr23-08897070802606436","volume-title":"A Study on the Linkages Between Drug Abuse, Injecting Drug Use and HIV\/AIDS in Kenya: A Rapid Situation Assessment (RSA)","author":"Ndetei D M","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr24-08897070802606436","unstructured":"UNODC 2003 Global Assessment Programme Methodological Toolkit: Conducting School Surveys on Drug Abuse, Module 2 Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime."},{"key":"bibr25-08897070802606436","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.107.6.1363"}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897070802606436","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897070802606436","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897070802606436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:41:00Z","timestamp":1777624860000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897070802606436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897070802606436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897070802606436","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}}}