{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:16:32Z","timestamp":1777896992417,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Increased methamphetamine use occurred during the last decade and little is known about factors associated with death. This study assesses trends in psychostimulant deaths in the United States. Methods: Using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Wonder Database, the authors searched deaths among 15- to 64-year-olds from 1999 to 2009 for decedents who died with \u201cpsychostimulants with abuse potential, excluding cocaine.\u201d The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) code T43.6 was used to identify methamphetamine-related deaths. Trends in death rates and the most common underlying causes of death were determined. For recent trends, age-adjusted death rates\/100,000 person-years (p-y) and (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) among those who died with psychostimulants were calculated. Results: The rate of psychostimulant-related deaths increased 3-fold from 1999 (0.37\/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 0.354\u20130.39) to 2005 (1.05\/100,000 p-y; 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.10). Deaths steadily declined from 2006 to 2008, but rose again in 2009 to 0.97\/100,000 p-y (95% CI: 0.92\u20131.01). Across all age groups, men had a 2 to 3\u00a0times higher rate of death than women. American Indians\/Alaska Natives were twice as likely to die a psychostimulant-related death as compared with non-Hispanic whites. The northwestern\/western region of the US had the highest rates of psychostimulant-related deaths, whereas the northeastern region had the lowest death rates. \u201cAccidental poisonings\u201d (ICD-10: X40\u201349) was the most frequently listed cause of death among those who died with psychostimulants. Conclusions: Psychostimulant-related deaths increased from 1999 to 2006, declined from 2006 to 2008, but rebounded in 2009. Interventions targeting those at highest risk of death must be implemented and studied to prevent increasing deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2012.726959","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,10,18]],"date-time":"2012-10-18T18:07:36Z","timestamp":1350583656000},"page":"129-136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["National Trends in Psychostimulant-Related Deaths: 1999\u20132009"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Susan","family":"Calcaterra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Colorado Health Outcomes Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hospital Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ingrid A.","family":"Binswanger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA"},{"name":"Community Health Services, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897077.2012.726959","unstructured":"National Drug Threat Assessment 2010. 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Available at: http:\/\/wwwdasis.samhsa.gov\/teds07\/teds2k7a508web.pdf. Accessed January 2012"},{"key":"bibr9-08897077.2012.726959","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. 2003. Emergency Department Trends From Drug Abuse Warning Network, Final Estimates 1995\u20132002, Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DHHS Publication No. SMA 03-3780, DAWN Series D-24. Available at: http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/driverrprt\/dawn2k2\/2k4amphetamines.pdf. Accessed January 2012"},{"key":"bibr10-08897077.2012.726959","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Drug Abuse Warning Network. 2011. 2009: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits, Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4659, DAWN Series D-35. 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