{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:17:14Z","timestamp":1777897034405,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During the past decade, substantial progress has been made in the field of addiction medicine in Europe, particularly regarding the development of new treatment interventions, resulting in a wide range of therapeutic options for patients with substance use disorders. However, not all interventions are evidence based. Patients with cannabis and cocaine\/amphetamine use disorders and special patient populations especially lack evidence-based treatment recommendations. Many patients undergo treatment that has not been scientifically evaluated for quality and efficacy. Moreover, there are large disparities regarding availability and treatment access across Europe, with the new member states of the European Union (EU) reporting long waiting lists and low treatment coverage. Even in Austria, which ranks among the countries with relatively high treatment coverage and good diversification of treatment in opioid maintenance therapy due to the availability of methadone, buprenorphine, and slow-release oral morphine (SROM), a considerable population of untreated or inadequately treated patients exists. Treatment for substance use disorders in Europe still has scope for improvement in terms of treatment availability and access, which is ideally provided by further development and implementation of evidence-based interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,4,25]],"date-time":"2014-04-25T13:06:27Z","timestamp":1398431187000},"page":"309-320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Substance Abuse\/Dependence Treatment: A European Perspective"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Verena E.","family":"Metz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, and New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Brandt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemarie","family":"Unger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Center for Public Health, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"World Health Organization. Status Report on Alcohol and Health in 35 European Countries 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr2-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e506502014-001"},{"key":"bibr3-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2011.07.018"},{"key":"bibr4-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"World Health Organization. European Status Report on Alcohol and Health 2010","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr5-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe. Smoking prevalence in adults (cross-country profile). Available at: http:\/\/data.euro.who.int\/tobacco\/Default.aspx?TabID=2444. Accessed July 5, 2013."},{"key":"bibr6-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2005.01194.x"},{"key":"bibr7-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"2012 Annual Report on the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr8-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"\u00d6sterreichweite Repr\u00e4sentativerhebung zu Substanzgebrauch-Erhebung 2004, Band 1: Forschungsbericht","author":"Uhl A","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr9-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2005.04.012"},{"key":"bibr10-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Annual Report 2013: Trends and Developments","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr11-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)61462-6"},{"key":"bibr12-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eurpsy.2010.10.001"},{"key":"bibr13-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-110"},{"key":"bibr14-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000331003"},{"key":"bibr15-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004305.pub4"},{"key":"bibr16-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"Heredia Pi IB, Wirtz VJ. Update on 2004 background paper by Warren Kaplan and Samira Asma, Background Paper 6.17 Tobacco use cessation therapies. Available at: http:\/\/www.who.int\/medicines\/areas\/priority_medicines\/BP6_17Smoking.pdf. Accessed January 6, 2014."},{"key":"bibr17-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000335082"},{"key":"bibr18-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60232-2"},{"key":"bibr19-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"EMCDDA. Best Practice Portal. Available at: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/best-practice\/treatment. Accessed July 25, 2013."},{"key":"bibr20-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00763.x"},{"key":"bibr21-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881112444324"},{"key":"bibr22-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/14740330903512943"},{"key":"bibr23-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"NICE, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Alcohol Dependence and Harmful Alcohol Use. NICE Clinical Guideline 115","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr24-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004332.pub2"},{"key":"bibr25-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2005.06.015"},{"key":"bibr26-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2002.tb02452.x"},{"key":"bibr27-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107078308"},{"key":"bibr28-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agh093"},{"key":"bibr29-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.67.4.563"},{"key":"bibr30-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"16","volume":"37","author":"Lee NK","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician."},{"key":"bibr31-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.02.016"},{"key":"bibr32-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2005.09.028"},{"key":"bibr33-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.020"},{"key":"bibr34-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. European Medicines Agency recommends approval of medicine for reduction of alcohol consumption. Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/news_and_events\/news\/2012\/12\/news_detail_001675.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058004d5c1. Accessed September 18, 2013."},{"key":"bibr35-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e8501"},{"key":"bibr36-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000146.pub4"},{"key":"bibr37-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161211796150837"},{"key":"bibr38-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD000031.pub4"},{"key":"bibr39-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12289"},{"key":"bibr40-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01097.x"},{"key":"bibr41-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006936.pub2."},{"key":"bibr42-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06111851"},{"key":"bibr43-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"52","volume":"11","author":"Warren CW","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tob Control."},{"key":"bibr44-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.14.3.306"},{"key":"bibr45-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001055.pub3"},{"key":"bibr46-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2011.12.016"},{"key":"bibr47-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.2275"},{"key":"bibr48-08897077.2014.909377","author":"Stead LF","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr49-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008940"},{"key":"bibr50-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.014"},{"key":"bibr51-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300310"},{"key":"bibr52-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.12.010"},{"key":"bibr53-08897077.2014.909377","author":"Denis C","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr54-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2009.70.516"},{"key":"bibr55-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.03877.x"},{"key":"bibr56-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.08.011"},{"key":"bibr57-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2011.00313.x"},{"key":"bibr58-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies. Cato Institute White Paper Series","author":"Greenwald G.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr59-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-9-119"},{"key":"bibr60-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007380.pub3"},{"key":"bibr61-08897077.2014.909377","author":"Amato L","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr62-08897077.2014.909377","author":"Pan PM","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (Protocol)"},{"key":"bibr63-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009695.pub2"},{"key":"bibr64-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007024.pub2"},{"key":"bibr65-08897077.2014.909377","author":"Denis C","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr66-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02364.x"},{"key":"bibr67-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000141645"},{"key":"bibr68-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"World Health Organization (WHO). The WHO Guidelines for the Psychosocially Assisted Pharmacological Treatment of Opioid Dependence","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr69-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"23","volume":"14","author":"Dale-Perera A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl."},{"key":"bibr70-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.019"},{"key":"bibr71-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.bp.108.005975"},{"key":"bibr72-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473711104010028"},{"key":"bibr73-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490440780"},{"key":"bibr74-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"2","volume":"1","author":"Simojoki K","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Alcohol Drug Depend."},{"key":"bibr75-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03577.x"},{"key":"bibr76-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02843.x"},{"key":"bibr77-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency. Subuxone. Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/ema\/index.jsp?curl=pages\/medicines\/human\/medicines\/000697\/human_med_\u2009001067.jsp&mid=WC0b01ac058001d124. Accessed September 18, 2013."},{"key":"bibr78-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(03)00058-9"},{"key":"bibr79-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/clpt.2010.352"},{"key":"bibr80-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"53","volume":"12","author":"Ullmann R","year":"2010","journal-title":"Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl."},{"key":"bibr81-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"The European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products. EMEA public statement of the recommendation to suspend the marketing authorisation for orlaam (levomethadol) in the European Union. Available at: http:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/docs\/en_GB\/document_library\/Public_statement\/2009\/12\/WC500018335.pdf. Accessed September 18, 2013."},{"key":"bibr82-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.001128.x"},{"key":"bibr83-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000085550"},{"key":"bibr84-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02334.x"},{"key":"bibr85-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"108","volume":"24","author":"Beer B","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatry."},{"key":"bibr86-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000346179"},{"key":"bibr87-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"OEBIG\u2013Reitox Focal Point Austria. Bericht zur Drogensituation 2013","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr88-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000337028"},{"key":"bibr89-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371105600808"},{"key":"bibr90-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.06.004"},{"key":"bibr91-08897077.2014.909377","author":"Gowing L","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev."},{"key":"bibr92-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003409.pub4"},{"key":"bibr93-08897077.2014.909377","first-page":"7","volume":"14","author":"Goul\u00e3o J","year":"2012","journal-title":"Heroin Addict Relat Clin Probl."},{"key":"bibr94-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004147.pub4"},{"key":"bibr95-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD005031.pub4"},{"key":"bibr96-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD001333.pub4"},{"key":"bibr97-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.03.021"},{"key":"bibr98-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2009.130"},{"key":"bibr99-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2012.1a"},{"key":"bibr100-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60358-9"},{"key":"bibr101-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD006318.pub2"},{"key":"bibr102-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005359"},{"key":"bibr103-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03335.x"},{"key":"bibr104-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02443.x"},{"key":"bibr105-08897077.2014.909377","volume-title":"OEBIG\u2013Reitox Focal Point Austria. Bericht zur Drogensituation 2012","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr106-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control\/WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2010. Stockholm: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; 2011. Available from: http:\/\/www.ecdc.europa.eu\/en\/publications\/publications\/111129_sur_annual_hiv_report.pdf"},{"key":"bibr107-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268812000921"},{"key":"bibr108-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e32833f3c14"},{"key":"bibr109-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181e12c09"},{"key":"bibr110-08897077.2014.909377","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-9-S1-S5"},{"key":"bibr111-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"Soyer R, Schumann S. (eds.). Therapie statt Strafe. Gesundheitsbezogene Ma\u00dfnahmen bei Substanzabh\u00e4ngigkeit und Suchtmittel (straf)recht. Schriftenreihe der Vereinigung \u00d6sterreichischer StrafverteidigerInnen Band 19. Neuer wissenschaftlicher Verlag, Wien-Graz 2012."},{"key":"bibr112-08897077.2014.909377","unstructured":"RBP EU Medical Studies Advisory Board, 26 June 2011, Final Report."}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:44:47Z","timestamp":1777625087000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":112,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2014.909377","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}}}