{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T13:32:08Z","timestamp":1780579928143,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Several states currently have enacted laws that allow for civil commitment for individuals diagnosed with severe substance use disorders. Civil commitment or involuntary commitment refers to the legal process by which individuals with mental illness are court-ordered into inpatient and\/or outpatient treatment programs. Although initially civil commitment laws were intended for individuals with severe mental illness, these statutes have been extended to cover individuals with severe substance use disorders. Much of the recent legislation allowing for civil commitment of individuals with substance use disorders has come about in response to the heroin epidemic and is designed to provide an alternative to the unrelenting progression of opioid use disorders. Civil commitment also provides an opportunity for individuals with opioid use disorders to make informed decisions regarding ongoing or continued treatment. However, civil commitment also raises concerns regarding the potential violation of 14th Amendment rights, specifically pertaining to abuses of deprivation of liberty or freedom, which are guaranteed under the 14th Amendment to the United States Constitution. This commentary examines these issues while supporting the need for effective brief civil commitment legislation in all states.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,2]],"date-time":"2015-04-02T14:18:39Z","timestamp":1427984319000},"page":"181-187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Considerations in Civil Commitment of Individuals with Substance Use Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Alan A.","family":"Cavaiola","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Counseling, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Dolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Counseling, Monmouth University, West Long Branch, New Jersey, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Policy Impact: Prescription Painkiller Overdoses. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/homeandrecreationalsaftety\/rxbrief. Accessed January 10 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prescription Drug Overdose in the United States: Fact Sheet. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/homeandrecreationalsafety\/overdose\/facts.html. Accessed January 10 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1402780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration. National Statistics: Arrests. Available at: http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/dea\/resource-center\/statistics.shtml#arrests. Accessed October 11 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Illicit Drug Use Among Females","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2011","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Illicit Drug Use Among Females. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; December 8, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Illicit Drug Use Among Males","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2011","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. The DAWN Report: Emergency Department Visits Involving Illicit Drug Use Among Males. Rockville, MD: Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; December 8, 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2010. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/mortalityandmorbidityweekly\/2010. Accessed on October 11 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Racioppi D. Why heroin is still killing at the shore. Asbury Park Press. May 30 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.app.com\/story\/news\/local\/ocean-county\/2014\/09\/12\/heroin-purity-high-new-jersey-cops-say\/15551105\/. Accessed May 30 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","unstructured":"Jones RG. Heroin's hold on the young. New York Times. January 13 2008. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2008\/01\/13\/nyregion\/nyregionspecial2\/13heroinnj.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","first-page":"xxx","article-title":"OxyContin maker closely guards its list of suspect doctors","author":"Glover S","unstructured":"Glover S, , Girion L. OxyContin maker closely guards its list of suspect doctors. The Los Angeles Times. xxx. Available at: Accessed August 11, 2013.","journal-title":"The Los Angeles Times"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"Porter E. Numbers tell of failure in drug war. New York Times. July 3 2012. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2012\/07\/04\/business\/in-rethinking-the-war-on-drugs-start-with-the-numbers.html?pagewanted=all. Accessed October 11 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Seelye KQ. Heroin scourge overtakes a \u2018quant\u2019 Vermont town. New York Times. Printed March 5 2014. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/03\/06\/us\/bulwark-in-revolutionary-war-town-in-vermont-faces-heroin-scourge.html. Accessed October 11 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effectiveness of coerced treatment for drug-abusing offenders","volume":"62","author":"Farabee D","year":"1998","unstructured":"Farabee D, , Prendergast M, , Anglin MD. The effectiveness of coerced treatment for drug-abusing offenders. Fed Probat. 1998;62:3\u20138.","journal-title":"Fed Probat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.10.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01045.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999309002668"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prendergast M Greenwell L Farabee D Hser YI. Influence of perceived coercion and motivation on treatment completion and re-arrest among substance-abusing offenders. J Behav Health Serv & Res. 2008;36:159\u2013176.","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-008-9117-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"Evaluating Recovery Services. The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA)","author":"Gerstein","year":"1994","unstructured":"GersteinDR, , Johnson RA, , Harwood J, , Fountain D, , Suter N, , Malloy K. Evaluating Recovery Services. The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA). Sacramento, CA: California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs; 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854898025004004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1988.49.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(198807)44:4<573::AID-JCLP2270440414>3.0.CO;2-M"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120014419"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"State of Florida Department of Children & Families. Marchman Act Handbook\/Marchman Act User Reference Guide. http:\/\/www.dcf.state.fl.us\/programs\/samh\/SubstanceAbuse\/marchman\/marchmanacthand03p.pdf. Published 2003. Accessed Oct. 11 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","article-title":"Wide variation in Commitment Laws for Substance Abuse","author":"Brauser D","year":"2011","unstructured":"Brauser D. Wide variation in Commitment Laws for Substance Abuse. Medscape. May 17, 2011. Cited by Pinals DA, in American Psychiatric Association 2011 Annual Meeting presentation, May 14\u201318, 2011, Honolulu, Hawaii.","journal-title":"Medscape"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.707"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/152651602317533686"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","first-page":"41","article-title":"Constitutionality of involuntary civil commitment of opiate addicts","volume":"8","author":"Rosenthal MD.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rosenthal MD. Constitutionality of involuntary civil commitment of opiate addicts. J Drug Issues. 1988;8:41\u201361.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0b013e318234298b"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","unstructured":"Ohio Civil Commitment Procedures and Rights of Individuals. Available at: http:\/\/www.disabilityrightsohio.org\/civil-commitment."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","unstructured":"State of Colorado. Colorado Report of Civil Commitment Statute Review Task Force. October 13 2013. Available at: http:\/\/www.colorado.gov\/cs\/Satellite?blobcol = urldata&blobheadername1 = Content-Disposition&blobheadername2 = Content-type&blobheadervalue1 = inline%3B+filename%3D%22Civil+Commitment+Task+Force+Report.pdf%22&blobheadervalue2 = application%2Fpdf&blobkey = id&blobtable = MungoBlobs&blobwhere = 1251904769259&ssbinary = true. Accessed Oct. 15 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","first-page":"1099","article-title":"What's so civil about civil commitment? Balancing the state's interests in treating substance dependence with the protection of individual liberty interests","volume":"37","author":"Abensur RL","year":"2009","unstructured":"Abensur RL. What's so civil about civil commitment? Balancing the state's interests in treating substance dependence with the protection of individual liberty interests. Hofstra Law Rev. 2009;37:1099\u20131131.","journal-title":"Hofstra Law Rev"},{"issue":"563","key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","first-page":"582","volume":"422","year":"1975","unstructured":"O'Connor v Donaldson, 422:US563:582\u2013583 (US Supreme Court, 1975).","journal-title":"O'Connor v Donaldson"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","unstructured":"parens patriae. In: Black's Law Dictionary. 8th ed. Available at: https:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/federal\/us\/422\/563\/case.html. Accessed Oct 23 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"National Alliance on Mental Illness \u2013 Colorado chapter. NAMI Report: Involuntary Commitment and Emergency Services for Persons Who Are Gravely Disabled. Available at: http:\/\/www.namicolorado.org\/Portals\/0\/Information_on_Colorado's_Grave_Disability_Statute.pdf. Accessed Oct. 17 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"Minnesota Office of Revisor Statutes. Minnesota Civil Commitment Laws for Substance Use Disorders. Available at: https:\/\/www.revisor.mn.gov\/statutes\/?id = 253B&view = chapter. Accessed Oct. 21 2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","first-page":"422","article-title":"Procedures governing the involuntary commitment of a minor to a drug and alcohol treatment program","volume":"40","author":"Levitt L","year":"2012","unstructured":"Levitt L, , Pinals DA. Procedures governing the involuntary commitment of a minor to a drug and alcohol treatment program. J Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 2012;40:422\u2013424.","journal-title":"J Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","unstructured":"Blair v. Razilou No. 2:08-cv-728-FtM-29DNF 2010 WI. 571980 (M.D. Fla. Fort Myers Div. 2010)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","first-page":"156","volume-title":"Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis","author":"Torrey EF.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Torrey EF. Out of the Shadows: Confronting America's Mental Illness Crisis. New York: Wiley & Sons; 1997:156\u2013159."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","unstructured":"Lovett I Nagourney A. Video rant then deadly rampage in California town. New York Times. Available at: http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2014\/05\/25\/us\/california-drive-by-shooting.html. May 24 2014. Accessed Oct 11 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","first-page":"359","article-title":"Beck JC. Court-based civil commitment of alcoholics and substance abusers","volume":"19","author":"Beane EA","year":"1991","unstructured":"Beane EA, Beck JC. Court-based civil commitment of alcoholics and substance abusers. Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law. 1991;19:359\u2013366.","journal-title":"Bull Am Acad Psychiatry Law"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.47.9.1102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1989.tb01045.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","first-page":"224","article-title":"For their own good: civil commitment of alcohol and drug-dependent women","volume":"37","author":"Chankin DF.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Chankin DF. For their own good: civil commitment of alcohol and drug-dependent women. South Dakota Law Rev. 1992;37:224\u2013228.","journal-title":"South Dakota Law Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204268201200102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","first-page":"33","article-title":"The effectiveness of legal sanctions in dealing with drinking drivers","volume":"6","author":"Nichols JL","year":"1990","unstructured":"Nichols JL, , Ross HL. The effectiveness of legal sanctions in dealing with drinking drivers. Alcohol Drugs Driving. 1990;6:33\u201360.","journal-title":"Alcohol Drugs Driving"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1986.tb05092.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490601077783"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2012.759873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","unstructured":"Arizona Department of Health Services. Arizona Civil Commitment Laws for Substance Use Disorders. Available at: http:\/\/www.azdhs.gov\/bhs\/pdf\/Involuntary-Evaluation-and-Treatment.pdf. Accessed Oct. 20 2014."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","unstructured":"Connecticut General Assembly. Connecticut Statues on Commitment for Substance Disorders. Available at: http:\/\/www.cga.ct.gov\/2012\/rpt\/2012-R-0217.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","unstructured":"Massachusetts Department of Health & Human Services. Massachusetts Civil Commitment Procedures General Law 123 Section 35 FAQ. Available at: http:\/\/www.mass.gov\/eohhs\/gov\/departments\/dph\/programs\/substance-abuse\/addictions\/drugs-and-alcohol\/section-35-faq.html#about. Accessed Oct. 12 2104."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","unstructured":"Missouri Division of Mental Health. Missouri Civil Commitment Procedures for Substance Abuse. 2013. Available at: http:\/\/dmh.mo.gov\/docs\/mentalillness\/FacilityDesigneeManualforCivilInvolDetADA2009.pdf. Accessed Oct. 12 2014"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","unstructured":"Utah Department of Human Services Division of Substance Abuse & Mental Health. Utah Civil Commitment Laws & Procedures. 2012. Available at: http:\/\/dsamh.utah.gov\/provider-information\/civil-commitment\/. Accessed Oct 21 2014."}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:46:13Z","timestamp":1777625173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2015.1029207","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]}}}