{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T12:18:08Z","timestamp":1777897088385,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]],"date-time":"2016-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1451606400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>African Americans (AAs) have lower rates of depressive disorders and are less likely to receive opioid analgesics for chronic pain than whites. Given the evidence that prescription opioid use is associated with depression, we hypothesized that the opioid abuse\/dependence and depression comorbidity would be less common among AAs compared with whites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the public use files for the 2012 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 55,268) and 2013 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 55,160) National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) was used to obtain past-year, DSM-IV (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) criteria diagnoses of nonmedical prescription opioid use (NMPOU), abuse\/dependence, and major depressive episode (MDE). Covariates included anxiety disorder, alcohol and illicit drug abuse\/dependence, smoking, age, gender, education, marital status, health insurance, county urbanicity, and income. Logistic regression models estimating the association between opioid use and MDE were computed before and after adjusting for covariates and separately for AAs and whites.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      AAs and whites had similar past-year prevalence of NMPOU (3.5% vs. 3.7%) and abuse\/dependence (0.7% vs. 0.9%). MDE was significantly more prevalent among whites (7.4% vs. 5.5%;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .0001). Among whites, NMPOU and abuse\/dependence were associated with MDE (odds ratio [OR] = 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.12\u20131.64 and OR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.67\u20132.94, respectively). Among AAs, there were no significant associations between NMPOU, abuse\/dependence, and MDE (OR range: 0.80\u20130.95).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a nationally representative sample, co-occurrence of past-year depression, NMPOU, and abuse\/dependence was determined in whites but not AAs. Additional research is needed to establish the contribution of pain and temporal relationships.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1129523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,16]],"date-time":"2015-12-16T20:41:37Z","timestamp":1450298497000},"page":"25-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Racial Differences in the Association between Nonmedical Prescription Opioid Use, Abuse\/Dependence, and Major Depression"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Joanne","family":"Salas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey F.","family":"Scherrer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Lustman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA"},{"name":"The Bell Street Clinic, John Cochran Hospital, St. Louis VA Medical Center, St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"F. David","family":"Schneider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-199706000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.19.2087"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ajp.0000210926.41406.2c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6963-6-46"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2007.00401.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2013.842241"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.05.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. 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