{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T09:19:56Z","timestamp":1780564796273,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]],"date-time":"2017-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1498867200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug in the United States and Europe. In recent years, a range of new substances with cannabis-like effects\u2014known as synthetic cannabinoids (SCs)\u2014have suddenly burst on the drug scene. However, there is limited information about the clinical hazards linked to the use of these emerging substances. This review summarizes the literature to date relating the health effects of SCs. Method: A systematic literature review of original case studies was performed using PubMed and Web of Science (January 1980\u2013July 2015). Only articles in which a drug screening was reported were included in this review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-six articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in this review, reporting data on 114 patients who went to hospital emergency departments after exposure to SCs. The majority of patients were adolescent or young adult males (14\u201325\u00a0years; 24.5 \u00b1 10.1\u00a0years). The most common route of administration was smoking. The SCs most involved were John William Huffman (JWH) derivatives, followed by XRL-11, ADB-PINACA, AM-2201, MAM-2201, and 5F-PB-22. This analysis showed that the use of these substances may cause minor and moderate side effects similar to those of cannabis intoxication, including tachycardia, nausea, somnolence, hallucinations, paranoia, xerostomia, and injected conjunctivae among others. However, atypical cannabis intoxication effects and worse complications (such as renal injuries, aggressiveness, cerebral ischemia, myocardial infarction, etc.) were also observed, which led to a significant morbidity were also observed. Some SCs were highlighted as being involved in 24 cases of deaths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this review, the nature and frequency of the signs and symptoms of SC poisoning were estimated in order to inform health professionals about the health risks of these new and emerging substances.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,11]],"date-time":"2016-08-11T18:38:45Z","timestamp":1470940725000},"page":"344-366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["Acute Effects of Synthetic Cannabinoids: Update 2015"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Juliana","family":"Tournebize","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CEIP-Addictovigilance, Nancy University Medical Center, Nancy, France"},{"name":"French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Gibaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEIP-Addictovigilance, Nancy University Medical Center, Nancy, France"},{"name":"French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Pierre","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEIP-Addictovigilance, Nancy University Medical Center, Nancy, France"},{"name":"French Addictovigilance Network (FAN), Nancy, France"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Centre Psychoth\u00e9rapique de Nancy, Nancy, France"},{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897077.2016.1219438","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. New psychoactive substances in Europe. An update from the EU Early Warning System. Official Publication of the European Union. Luxembourg; 2015;1\u201312."},{"key":"bibr2-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00240.x"},{"key":"bibr3-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.08.047"},{"key":"bibr4-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2010.07.020"},{"key":"bibr5-08897077.2016.1219438","unstructured":"Psychonaut Web Mapping Research Group. Spice Report. London, UK: Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London; 2009. http:\/\/vanilla47.com\/PDFs\/MDPV\/Spice%20Report.pdf. Accessed February 19, 2016."},{"key":"bibr6-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2013.846288"},{"key":"bibr7-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012"},{"key":"bibr8-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.011"},{"key":"bibr9-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/nsad-2014-0016"},{"key":"bibr10-08897077.2016.1219438","first-page":"464","volume":"106","author":"Zimmermann US","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch \u00c4rztebl Int."},{"key":"bibr11-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.12.001"},{"key":"bibr12-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1379-2"},{"key":"bibr13-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e3182619004"},{"key":"bibr14-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.609822"},{"key":"bibr15-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.817658"},{"key":"bibr16-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.11.034"},{"key":"bibr17-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31824cf5c2"},{"key":"bibr18-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.12l01402"},{"key":"bibr19-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2011.01.004"},{"key":"bibr20-08897077.2016.1219438","first-page":"237","volume":"32","author":"Quan D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Med Rep."},{"key":"bibr21-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00222.x"},{"key":"bibr22-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/120607"},{"key":"bibr23-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/167098"},{"key":"bibr24-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-014-0424-1"},{"key":"bibr25-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2014.958614"},{"key":"bibr26-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114550886"},{"key":"bibr27-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-012-0166-1"},{"key":"bibr28-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2013.770870"},{"key":"bibr29-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-013-0190-9"},{"key":"bibr30-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-014-0246-5"},{"key":"bibr31-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11419-014-0259-0"},{"key":"bibr32-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.12216"},{"key":"bibr33-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2012.04078.x"},{"key":"bibr34-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00414-013-0864-1"},{"key":"bibr35-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563650.2011.584316"},{"key":"bibr36-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2012.07.061"},{"key":"bibr37-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2010.08.039"},{"key":"bibr38-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-3823"},{"key":"bibr39-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2010.10.014"},{"key":"bibr40-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.04.022"},{"key":"bibr41-08897077.2016.1219438","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Acute kidney injury associated with synthetic cannabinoid use\u2014multiple states, 2012. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2013;62:93\u201398."},{"key":"bibr42-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2014.12.038"},{"key":"bibr43-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010176"},{"key":"bibr44-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05690612"},{"key":"bibr45-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-17.2.177"},{"key":"bibr46-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-1797"},{"key":"bibr47-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bku048"},{"key":"bibr48-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bks013"},{"key":"bibr49-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkt068"},{"key":"bibr50-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h299"},{"key":"bibr51-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-011-0182-2"},{"key":"bibr52-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2013.07.030"},{"key":"bibr53-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5152\/balkanmedj.2015.15123"},{"issue":"1320","key":"bibr54-08897077.2016.1219438","first-page":"e5","volume":"30","author":"Young A","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med."},{"key":"bibr55-08897077.2016.1219438","first-page":"26","author":"Lapoint J","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Med."},{"key":"bibr56-08897077.2016.1219438","unstructured":"Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN), for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. The DAWN Report: Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits Involving Synthetic Cannabinoids. http:\/\/archive.samhsa.gov\/data\/2k12\/DAWN105\/SR105-synthetic-marijuana.pdf. Published 2012. Accessed June 8, 2015."},{"key":"bibr57-08897077.2016.1219438","unstructured":"Substances Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Drug Abuse Warning Network. 2011: National Estimates of Drug-Related Emergency Department Visits. http:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/DAWN.aspx. Published 2013. Accessed June 8, 2015."},{"key":"bibr58-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr59-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-013-3188-4"},{"key":"bibr60-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990622"},{"key":"bibr61-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.08.005"},{"key":"bibr62-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S73586"},{"key":"bibr63-08897077.2016.1219438","first-page":"54","volume":"26","author":"Gurney SMR","year":"2014","journal-title":"Foresic Sci Rev."},{"key":"bibr64-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15563659809028940"},{"key":"bibr65-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2013.01.009"},{"key":"bibr66-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31828e1881"},{"key":"bibr67-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1558"},{"key":"bibr68-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2015.06.053"},{"key":"bibr69-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61037-0"},{"key":"bibr70-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03897.x"},{"key":"bibr71-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/13816128113199990620"},{"key":"bibr72-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.12.011"},{"key":"bibr73-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)11216-0","volume":"260","author":"Compton","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther."},{"key":"bibr74-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.1390"},{"key":"bibr75-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.79a.11147"},{"key":"bibr76-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0021917"},{"key":"bibr77-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.04.017"},{"key":"bibr78-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0707442"},{"key":"bibr79-08897077.2016.1219438","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/739149"}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:47:52Z","timestamp":1777625272000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2016.1219438","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,7]]}}}