{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:29:26Z","timestamp":1790098166539,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]],"date-time":"2018-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1522540800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Overdose deaths tripled between 1999 and 2014. Most fatal overdoses are witnessed, offering an opportunity for bystanders to call 911. However, fear of arrest may prevent them from calling authorities. Many states have passed 911 Good Samaritan laws that protects the 911 caller and overdose victim from prosecution for drug possession. Little is known, however, about whether the law affects 911-calling behavior of overdose witnesses. We investigated the relationship between knowledge of a 911 Good Samaritan Law (GSL) and 911-calling behavior of study participants trained in opioid overdose rescue.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled 351 individuals (n = 351) trained in overdose rescue and educated about the New York State GSL in a prospective longitudinal study. Trained researchers conducted baseline, three, six and 12-month follow-up surveys with study participants to assess participant knowledge of the GSL and responses to witnessed overdoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the twelve-month follow-up, participants had witnessed 326 overdoses. In the overdose events where the participant had correct knowledge of the GSL at the time of the event, the odds of a bystander calling 911 were over three times greater than when the witness had incorrect knowledge of the GSL (OR = 3.3, 95% CI, 1.4\u20137.5). This association remained significant after adjusting for age, gender, race of the witness and overdose setting (AOR = 3.6, 95% CI, 1.4\u20139.4).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To our knowledge, this is the first study to show an association between knowledge of the GSL and 911-calling behavior. Legislation that protects overdose responders along with public awareness of the law may be an effective strategy to increase rates of 911-calling in response to overdose events and decrease overdose-related mortality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2017.1387213","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,10,3]],"date-time":"2017-10-03T11:27:25Z","timestamp":1507030045000},"page":"233-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Knowledge of the 911 Good Samaritan Law and 911-Calling Behavior of Overdose Witnesses"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5651-5589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Jakubowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, New York, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hillary V.","family":"Kunins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, New York, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zina","family":"Huxley-Reicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, New York, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Siegler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, Long Island City, New York, United States."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6450a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v26n04_08"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-012-9591-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2006.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.00975.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.01.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.07.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00147-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Law Atlas: The Policy Surveillance Portal. Good Samaritan Overdose Prevention Laws Map. http:\/\/www.lawatlas.org\/query?dataset=good-samaritan-overdose-laws. Accessed 29 December 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Banta-Green C.J. Kuszler P.C. Coffin P.O. Schoeppe J.A. (2011). Washington's 911 Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Law \u2013 Initial Evaluation Results. Alcohol & Drug Abuse Institute University of Washington. http:\/\/adai.uw.edu\/pubs\/infobriefs\/ADAI-IB-2011\u201305.pdf. Accessed December 29 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"111","article-title":"Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act of 2009","unstructured":"Homeless Emergency Assistance and Rapid Transition to Housing Act of 2009, Pub. L. No. 111\u201322, 1664 Stat.123, codifed as amended at 42 U.S.C. \u00a71003.","journal-title":"Pub. L. No."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"Witness or victim of drug or alcohol overdose N.Y. Penal Law \u00a7220.78"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118445112.stat03729"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","article-title":"Naloxone use among opioid overdose rescue trainees in New York City: A longitudinal cohort study","author":"Siegler A","unstructured":"Siegler A, , Huxley-Reicher Maldjian L, , Jordan R, , Oliver C, , Jakubowski A, , Kunins HV. Naloxone use among opioid overdose rescue trainees in New York City: A longitudinal cohort study. Drug Alc Depend. 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