{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:58:09Z","timestamp":1787763489214,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]],"date-time":"2019-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1546300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) prevalence has increased. However, there is uncertainty about naloxone dose(s) used by nonmedical bystanders to reverse opioid overdoses in the context of increasing IMF.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : We used community naloxone distribution program data about naloxone doses and fatal opioid overdoses from the Allegheny County Medical Examiner. From January 2013 to December 2016, staff interviewed participants who administered naloxone in response to 1072 overdoses. We calculated frequencies, percentages, and conducted a 1-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Despite increases in fentanyl-contributed deaths, there were no statistically significant differences between any of the 4\u00a0years (2013\u20132016) on average number of naloxone doses used by participants to reverse an overdose (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.88;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .449).\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusion<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Even though IMF is more potent than heroin and is a rapidly increasing contributor to drug overdose deaths in Allegheny County, the average dose of naloxone administered has not changed. Our findings differ from studies in different areas also experiencing increasing IMF prevalence. Additional investigations are needed to clarify the amount of naloxone needed to reverse opioid overdoses in the community caused by new synthetic opioids.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,3,20]],"date-time":"2018-03-20T15:32:46Z","timestamp":1521559966000},"page":"52-55","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Amount of Naloxone Used to Reverse Opioid Overdoses outside of Medical Practice in A City with Increasing Illicitly Manufactured Fentanyl in Illicit Drug Supply"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Alice","family":"Bell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Prevention Point Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex S.","family":"Bennett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T. Stephen","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"T Stephen Jones Public Health Consulting, Florence, Massachusetts, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Doe-Simkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harm Reduction Michigan, Maple City, Michigan, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie D.","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Development and Research Institutes, Inc., New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rudd RA Seth P David F Scholl L. Increases in drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths \u2014 United States 2010\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:1445\u20131452. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1 https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/65\/wr\/mm655051e1.htm. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1. PMID: 28033313","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm655051e1"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"631","article-title":"Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons\u2014United States, 2014","volume":"64","author":"Wheeler E","year":"2015","unstructured":"Wheeler E, , Jones TS, , Gilbert MK, , Davidson PJ. Opioid overdose prevention programs providing naloxone to laypersons\u2014United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015;64(23):631\u20135. PMID: 26086633","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gladden RM Martinez P Seth P. Fentanyl Law Enforcement Submissions and Increases in Synthetic Opioid\u2013Involved Overdose Deaths\u201327 States 2013\u20132014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016;65:837\u2013843. Doi: http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson AB Gladden RM Delcher C . Increases in fentanyl-related overdose deaths\u2014Florida and Ohio 2013\u20132015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:844\u20139. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/volumes\/65\/wr\/mm6533a3.htm. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a3. PMID: 27560948","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6533a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"CDC. CDC Health Advisory: increases in fentanyl drug confiscations and fentanyl-related overdose fatalities. Atlanta GA: US Department of Health and Human Services CDC; 2015. http:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/han\/han00384.asp"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Somerville NJ O'Donnell J Gladden RM . Characteristics of Fentanyl Overdose \u2014 Massachusetts 2014\u20132016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:382\u2013386. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15585\/mmwr.mm6614a2. doi:10.15585\/mmwr.mm6614a2. PMID: 28406883","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6614a2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Drug Enforcement Administration Analysis of Overdose Deaths in Pennsylvania 2016. DEA Philadelphia Division: US Department of Justice Drug Enforcement Administration Philadelphia Division; 2017. https:\/\/publicintelligence.net\/dea-overdose-deaths-pa-2016\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","unstructured":"Overdose Death Data Allegheny County \u201cFatal Overdoses Over Time \u201d 2013\u20132016. Allegheny county medical examiners office. Overdose Free PA website https:\/\/www.overdosefreepa.pitt.edu\/know-the-facts\/view-overdose-death-data\/. Updated July 2017. Accessed August 10 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prekupec MP Mansky PA Baumann MH. Misuse of novel synthetic Opioids: A deadly new trend. J Addict Med. 2017; 11(4):256\u2013265. https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/journaladdictionmedicine\/Fulltext\/2017\/08000\/Misuse_of_Novel_Synthetic_Opioids___A_Deadly_New.5.aspx. doi:10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000324.","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000324"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"FDA. FDA advisory committee on the most appropriate dose or doses of naloxone to reverse the effects of life-threatening opioid overdose in the community settings. 2 September 2016. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/downloads\/AdvisoryCommittees\/CommitteesMeetingMaterials\/Drugs\/AnestheticAndAnalgesicDrugProductsAdvisoryCommittee\/UCM522688.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-011-9600-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2017.1315203"}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:49:54Z","timestamp":1777625394000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449053","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1]]}}}