{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T05:44:31Z","timestamp":1790228671265,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]],"date-time":"2019-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1561939200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although the United States and numerous other countries are amidst an opioid overdose crisis, access to safe injection facilities remains limited.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used prospective data from ambulance journals in Oslo, Norway, to describe the patterns, severity, and outcomes of opioid overdoses and compared these characteristics among various overdose locations. We also examined what role a safe injection facility may have had on these overdoses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Based on 48,825 ambulance calls, 1054 were for opioid overdoses from 465 individuals during 2014 and 2015. The rate of calls for overdoses was 1 out of 48 of the total ambulance calls. Males made up the majority of the sample (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009368, 79%), and the median age was 35 (range: 18\u201396). Overdoses occurred in public locations (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009530, 50.3%), the safe injection facility (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009353, 33.5%), in private homes (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200983, 7.9%), and other locations (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200988, 8.3%). Patients from the safe injection facility and private homes had similarly severe initial clinical symptoms (Glasgow Coma Scale median =3 and respiratory frequency median =4 breaths per minute) when compared with other locations, yet the majority from the safe injection facility did not require further ambulance transport to the hospital (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009302, 85.6%). Those overdosed in public locations (odds ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20091.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20091.17\u20132.35), and when the safe injection facility was closed (OR =1.4, 95% CI =1.04\u20131.89), were more likely to receive transport for further treatment.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings suggest that the opening hours at the safe injection facility and the overdose location may impact the likelihood of ambulance transport for further treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1485130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,27]],"date-time":"2018-06-27T12:32:47Z","timestamp":1530102767000},"page":"383-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Ambulance-Attended Opioid Overdoses: An Examination into Overdose Locations and the Role of a Safe Injection Facility"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Desiree","family":"Madah-Amiri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arne Kristian","family":"Skulberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Cathrine","family":"Braarud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ola","family":"Dale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway;"},{"name":"St. Olav's Hospital, University Hospital of Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fridtjof","family":"Heyerdahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Lobmaier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;"},{"name":"Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Norwegian Centre for Addiction Research, The University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"UNODC. 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