{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:08:03Z","timestamp":1793398083767,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585699200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Background<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Research indicates U.S. racial and ethnic minority patients are prescribed opioids for pain less often than non-Hispanic Whites. Racial inequities are strongest for pain conditions with uncertain prognosis (e.g., chronic pain syndrome) compared to acute pain with defined duration (e.g., fractures). As naloxone, an opioid overdose reversal drug, becomes more popular among prescribers in clinical contexts, it is unclear whether racial inequities also extend to naloxone prescriptions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Patients diagnosed with bone fracture (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009551,103) or chronic pain syndrome [CPS] (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009173,341) were identified using ICD-9 and ICD-10 codes in electronic health records from the Health Facts\u00ae Database. Logistic regressions were used to determine whether the likelihood of receiving a prescription for opioids or a co-prescription for opioids and naloxone differ by patient race\/ethnicity, which included African American, Native American, Non-Hispanic White, Asian\/Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and \u201cother\u201d categories.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Multiple logistic regressions show naloxone prescriptions do not consistently mirror trends in opioid prescriptions when broken down by patient race\/ethnicity and diagnosis. Patients of color with bone fracture or CPS are largely less likely to receive prescriptions for outpatient opioid analgesics than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Among bone fracture patients prescribed opioids, African Americans and patients of \u201cother\u201d race\/ethnicity are also significantly less likely to receive naloxone prescriptions. However, Native American and Hispanic CPS patients prescribed opioids are more likely to get naloxone prescriptions despite being less likely to get opioid prescriptions. And while Native American and Asian\/Pacific Islander fracture patients and \u201cother\u201d race\/ethnicity CPS patients are less likely to receive an opioid prescription than non-Hispanic Whites, there is no difference from non-Hispanic Whites in their likelihood of receiving a naloxone prescription.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions<\/jats:italic>\n                    : Among patients prescribed opioids, naloxone prescriptions vary by patient race\/ethnicity and by health condition, indicating the need for efforts to assure equitable diffusion of this harm reduction intervention.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,13]],"date-time":"2019-11-13T09:43:36Z","timestamp":1573638216000},"page":"232-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Racial Inequities in U.S. Naloxone Prescriptions"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Erin Fanning","family":"Madden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA;"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fares","family":"Qeadan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/aemj.9.9.910"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1197\/S1069-6563(03)00494-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2009.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.93.12.2067"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00338-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/J354v18n01_03"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2007.64"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000505"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2015.1010032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Naloxone for Opioid Overdose: Life-Saving Science. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/publications\/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science\/naloxone-opioid-overdose-life-saving-science. Published March 30 2017. Accessed February 16 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"SAMHSA. Naloxone. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/medication-assisted-treatment\/treatment\/naloxone. Published March 3 2016. 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Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jncimonographs\/lgi041"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2012.1100.cb3-01"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data Resources: Analyzing Prescription Data and Morphine Milligram Equivalents (MME). https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/resources\/data.html. Published November 2 2018. Accessed February 24 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. U.S. Opioid Prescribing Rate Maps. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/maps\/rxrate-maps.html. Published October 29 2018. Accessed February 25 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","unstructured":"CDC National Center for Injury Prevention and Control. MME conversion file. September 2018. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/drugoverdose\/data-files\/SAScodetouseMMEconvsnfileSept2018.sas. 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