{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:27:43Z","timestamp":1790666863744,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the past two decades, the U.S. saw an alarmingly increasing trend of benzodiazepine prescribing. Mandatory use of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) was suggested to have the potential to reduce opioid prescribing, but little is known about its impacts on benzodiazepines. This study examined whether PDMP data use mandates were associated with changes in benzodiazepine prescribing in the U.S.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"methods\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Aggregate state quarterly prescription drug records of benzodiazepines for Medicaid enrollees during 2010\u20132017 were obtained from the U.S. Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data. Three population-adjusted outcome variables were evaluated, including quantity, dosage, and Medicaid spending of benzodiazepine prescriptions per quarter per 100 Medicaid enrollees. The primary policy variable was the state-wide implementation of PDMP data use mandates for benzodiazepines. To account for between-state variations in mandates, an additional policy variable was considered to indicate strong mandates on PDMP data use, which required all prescribers to query a patient's PDMP records for first prescribing and subsequent prescribing at least every 12 months. Linear regressions with difference-in-difference approach were used to assess the associations between PDMP data use mandates and benzodiazepine prescribing, controlling for state-level time-varying policy and socioeconomic covariates.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"results\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The state-wide implementation of PDMP data use mandates for benzodiazepines was not associated with quantity, dosage, or Medicaid spending of benzodiazepine prescriptions. Strong mandates on PDMP data use were not associated with any benzodiazepine prescribing outcomes, either.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec sec-type=\"conclusions\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There was no evidence for the associations between PDMP data use mandates for benzodiazepines and changes in benzodiazepine prescribing among Medicaid enrollees. Future research is warranted to replicate the study in other populations using individual patient records and continuously monitor the trends in benzodiazepine prescribing in association with PDMPs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,7]],"date-time":"2019-11-07T09:40:21Z","timestamp":1573119621000},"page":"294-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Mandatory Use of Prescription Drug Monitoring Program and Benzodiazepine Prescribing among U.S. Medicaid Enrollees"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Di","family":"Liang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huiying","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e6231"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.55.3.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2003.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"SAMHSA. Combining benzodiazepines with other substances raises risks. 2014. https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/newsroom\/press-announcements\/201412180300. Accessed October 2 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000738"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.05.047"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","volume-title":"Non-medical use of benzodiazepines: a growing threat to public health","author":"UNODC","year":"2017","unstructured":"UNODC. Non-medical use of benzodiazepines: a growing threat to public health? United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; 2017. Vienna, Australia."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2016.303061"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"NIDA. Overdose death rates 2018. https:\/\/www.drugabuse.gov\/related-topics\/trends-statistics\/overdose-death-rates. Accessed October 11 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2354-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jval.2015.03.748"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.20160094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.0448"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.1321"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2015.1496"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2016.1141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2019.00103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3386\/w23537"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/ajhe_a_00101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2016.1211784"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000944"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","unstructured":"Medicaid.gov. Medicaid Enrollment report 2018. https:\/\/www.medicaid.gov\/medicaid\/managed-care\/enrollment\/index.html. Accessed August 20 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","volume-title":"Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations (Orange Book): Food and drug administration","author":"FDA","year":"2017","unstructured":"FDA. Approved drug products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations (Orange Book): Food and drug administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Food and Drug Administration; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","volume-title":"The Ashton Manual","author":"Ashton CH.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ashton CH. Benzodiazepines: How they work and how to withdraw. The Ashton Manual. 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3368\/jhr.51.2.0414-6298R1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.96.5.1802"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.18514"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12469"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.040"}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:28:16Z","timestamp":1780507696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2019.1686722","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}}}