{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T22:04:09Z","timestamp":1781301849750,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]],"date-time":"2022-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640995200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: In the U.S., medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) include methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone. Despite substantial evidence of efficacy, the use of MOUD by health professionals remains controversial. This scoping review sought to identify and describe policies related to the use of MOUD by physicians, pharmacists, and nurses in professional health programs (PHP). Methods: A systematic search of PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and Google Scholar was performed in August 2020 to identify pertinent articles from the U.S. which were then evaluated for inclusion by a team of trained reviewers. Results: Nine articles were ultimately identified for inclusion, and their years of publication ranged from 1984 to 2012. The treatment of physicians was addressed in seven articles, nurses in four, and pharmacists in two. Data from one veterinarian and several dentists could not be disaggregated from three studies. Naltrexone was the most commonly accepted form of MOUD within PHPs. A 2011 survey of physician and nurse PHP administrators found that 11\/22 (50%) physician programs and 15\/33 (45%) nursing programs forbade practice reentry while taking buprenorphine with the remainder indicating it could be allowed under some circumstances. The use of methadone within PHPs was extremely rare, and no specific details regarding PHP policies related to its use or practice reentry could be identified. No articles reported specifically on practice reentry policies for pharmacists. Conclusions: This scoping review identified one article detailing explicit policies concerning MOUD use in the target professions. Implicit policies extrapolated from other articles found that naltrexone was the most commonly accepted form of MOUD, with methadone and buprenorphine being avoided due to dubious concerns of impairment. A unified, contemporary, comprehensive survey of current PHP policies and evaluation of actual treatment data to ascertain real-world practices is needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T16:15:40Z","timestamp":1643645740000},"page":"749-755","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Policies regarding Use of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in Professional Recovery Programs: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4852-0796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kelley M.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5958-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas G.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1107-289X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua C.","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sorina B.","family":"Torrez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4636-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire M.","family":"Zagorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7969-5209","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lindsey J.","family":"Loera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jonm.12081"},{"key":"bibr2-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajad.12173"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr3-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"311","volume":"41","author":"Hughes PH","year":"1992","journal-title":"Md Med J"},{"key":"bibr4-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199105000-00011"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr5-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"311","volume":"44","author":"McAuliffe WE","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Hosp Pharm"},{"key":"bibr6-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2013.12078.x"},{"key":"bibr7-08897077.2021.2010161","unstructured":"Physicians and Other Healthcare Professionals with Addiction. ASAM; 2020. https:\/\/www.asam.org\/advocacy\/find-a-policy-statement\/view-policy-statement\/public-policy-statements\/2020\/02\/07\/physicians-and-other-healthcare-professionals-with-addiction. Accessed August 25, 2021."},{"key":"bibr8-08897077.2021.2010161","unstructured":"Federation of State Physician Health Programs. State Programs. https:\/\/www.fsphp.org\/state-programs. Accessed May 31, 2021."},{"key":"bibr9-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000113"},{"key":"bibr10-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japh.2017.07.002"},{"key":"bibr11-08897077.2021.2010161","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Medications for Opioid Use Disorder: Treatment Improvement Protocol (TIP) Series 63. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration; 2020."},{"key":"bibr12-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002969"},{"key":"bibr13-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp1907875"},{"key":"bibr14-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e318262ab09"},{"key":"bibr15-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr16-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"299","volume":"6","author":"Crowley TJ.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Alcohol Drug Res"},{"key":"bibr17-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.03.010"},{"key":"bibr18-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2011.09.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr19-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"360","volume":"66","author":"Hudson S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"AANA J"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr20-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"46","volume":"45","author":"Ling W","year":"1984","journal-title":"J\u00a0Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr21-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a2038"},{"key":"bibr22-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0b013e31821852a0"},{"key":"bibr23-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(96)00164-X"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr24-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"39","volume":"45","author":"Washton AM","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"bibr25-08897077.2021.2010161","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Model List of Essential Medicines. https:\/\/list.essentialmeds.org. Accessed May 31, 2021."},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr26-08897077.2021.2010161","first-page":"CD002207","author":"Mattick RP","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"bibr27-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13238"},{"key":"bibr28-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M17-3107"},{"key":"bibr29-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32812-X"},{"key":"bibr30-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.02.031"},{"key":"bibr31-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2018.03.001"},{"key":"bibr32-08897077.2021.2010161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0653-3"},{"key":"bibr33-08897077.2021.2010161","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues warning letter for not including the most serious risks in advertisement for medication-assisted treatment drug. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-issues-warning-letter-not-including-most-serious-risks-advertisement-medication-assisted. Updated December 11, 2019. Accessed May 31, 2021."}],"container-title":["Substance Abuse"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T08:56:09Z","timestamp":1777625769000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08897077.2021.2010161","relation":{},"ISSN":["0889-7077","1547-0164"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0889-7077","type":"print"},{"value":"1547-0164","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,1]]}}}