{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:39:39Z","timestamp":1782135579372,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/08923973.2020.1863984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T05:06:59Z","timestamp":1609996019000},"page":"37-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Statins as an adjunctive therapy for COVID-19: the biological and clinical plausibility"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0494-3746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Kashour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiac Sciences, King Fahad Cardiac Center, King Saud University Medical City, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rabih","family":"Halwani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaseen M.","family":"Arabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intensive Care Department, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Rizwan","family":"Sohail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Infectious Diseases, Baylor College of Medicine Houston, TX, USA;"},{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John C.","family":"O\u2019Horo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Badley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5551-0353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Imad M.","family":"Tleyjeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"},{"name":"Division of Epidemiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Rochester, MN, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medical Specialties, Infectious Diseases Section, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Alfaisal\u00a0University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","unstructured":"Coronavirus. World Health Organization [Internet]. Who.int. 2020; [cited 2020 Sep 6]. Available from: https:\/\/www.who.int\/emergencies\/diseases\/novel-coronavirus-2019"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI137244"},{"key":"CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2020.108393"},{"key":"CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-0311-8"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30937-5"},{"key":"CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015432"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1855"},{"key":"CIT0008","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2008975"},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.032"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2006923"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2020-317056"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1585"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1017"},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30566-3"},{"key":"CIT0015","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.0950"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santoso A, Pranata R, Wibowo A, et\u00a0al. Cardiac injury is associated with mortality and critically ill pneumonia in COVID-19: a meta-analysis. Am J Emerg Med. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2020.04.052"},{"key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30211-7"},{"key":"CIT0018","unstructured":"National Health Commission of People\u2019s Republic of China. Chinese clinical guidance for COVID-19 pneumonia diagnosis and treatment. 7th ed. 2020. Available from: http:\/\/kjfy.meetingchina.org\/msites\/news\/show\/cn\/3337.html"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-020-04909-z"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1096"},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian S, Xiong Y, Liu H, et\u00a0al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through post-mortem core biopsies. Mod Pathol. 2020;1\u20138.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202003.0311.v1"},{"key":"CIT0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et\u00a0al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2020.04.013"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047525"},{"key":"CIT0024","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00525-2"},{"key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60447-5"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2005.02.080"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1839"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308537"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104891"},{"key":"CIT0030","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1582-4934.2001.tb00172.x"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.13275"},{"key":"CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2016.06.016"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071059"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2014.00461"},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/phrs.2001.0922"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.12.022"},{"key":"CIT0037","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2012.08.037"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2004.07.003"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20130043"},{"key":"CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)98884-8"},{"key":"CIT0041","first-page":"97","volume":"104","author":"Cuthbert JA","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans Assoc Am Physicians"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/82219"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2003.10.002"},{"key":"CIT0044","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01158"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.11.2.254"},{"key":"CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.11.4651"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0189701"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04115.x"},{"key":"CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.117.018839"},{"key":"CIT0050","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2008.02.023"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang H, Yuan Z, Pavel MA, et\u00a0al. The role of high cholesterol in age-related COVID-19 lethality. bioRxiv. Preprint; 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.09.086249"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2008.08.026"},{"key":"CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.94655"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01463-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01463-17","volume":"92","author":"M\u00fcller C","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2013.01.007"},{"key":"CIT0056","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.02.036"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang K, Chen W, Zhou YS, et\u00a0al. SARS-CoV-2 invades host cells via a novel route: CD147-spike protein. BioRxiv Preprint; 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.14.988345"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00354.2004"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200406-729OC"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2010.05431.x"},{"key":"CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3181d9dad6"},{"key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/cc9209"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0063","first-page":"L287","volume":"314","author":"Bao XC","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol"},{"key":"CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200810-1584OC"},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0b013e3182120992"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201003-0423OC"},{"key":"CIT0067","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30177-2"},{"key":"CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201209-1718OC"},{"key":"CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31942-1"},{"key":"CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(16)30184-3"},{"key":"CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21037\/atm.2016.11.03"},{"key":"CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/872370"},{"key":"CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104803"},{"key":"CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.06274-11"},{"key":"CIT0075","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2011.10.029"},{"key":"CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2017.07.024"},{"key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2015.04.005"},{"key":"CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900428RR"},{"key":"CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10348"},{"key":"CIT0080","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00660-18"},{"key":"CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2009.04.007"},{"key":"CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00388"},{"key":"CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.04.009"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0084","first-page":"468","volume":"62","author":"Whitehorn J","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000598"},{"key":"CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00396.2002"},{"key":"CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-6980(02)00021-7"},{"key":"CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-009-1421-8"},{"key":"CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1403285"},{"key":"CIT0090","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5378-3"},{"key":"CIT0091","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003816"},{"key":"CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.280031"},{"key":"CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-016-4649-0"},{"key":"CIT0094","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2009.286"},{"key":"CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0052929"},{"key":"CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2018.11.003"},{"key":"CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201812-2328OC"},{"key":"CIT0098","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2017.09.024"},{"key":"CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2016.5519"},{"key":"CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Spiegeleer A, Bronselaer A, Teo JT, et\u00a0al. The effect of ARBs, ACEIs and statins on clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infection among nursing home residents. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.11.20096347"},{"key":"CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.015"},{"key":"CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2014.11.013"},{"key":"CIT0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BinAbdulhak A, Kashour T, Tlayjeh H, et\u00a0al. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers and outcome of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv; 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.05.06.20093260"},{"key":"CIT0104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000240"},{"key":"CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00638-15"},{"key":"CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201108-1574OC"},{"key":"CIT0107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.04.007"},{"key":"CIT0108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0904510"},{"key":"CIT0109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0142037"},{"key":"CIT0110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2005.01211.x"}],"container-title":["Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/08923973.2020.1863984","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,10]],"date-time":"2022-12-10T21:24:29Z","timestamp":1670707469000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/08923973.2020.1863984"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/08923973.2020.1863984"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08923973.2020.1863984","relation":{},"ISSN":["0892-3973","1532-2513"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0892-3973","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2513","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=iipi20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=iipi20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2020-09-18","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-12-07","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-01-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}