{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:19:11Z","timestamp":1792430351867,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Oxford University Press (OUP)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]],"date-time":"2013-07-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1374105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/pages\/standard-publication-reuse-rights"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>We report the first cases of Edwardsiella ictaluri causing epizootics in laboratory populations of Zebrafish Danio rerio. Edwardsiella ictaluri is primarily recognized as a disease of catfish species and is known to cause an economically important bacterial disease of farm-raised catfish in the USA and abroad; however, it has been isolated on occasion from 10 other genera of nonictalurid fishes. We isolated E. ictaluri from moribund Zebrafish held in quarantine at two different universities in two states and from a research facility in a third state between February 23 and December 6, 2011. Edwardsiellosis in Zebrafish can be described as a severe systemic disease characterized by tissue necrosis and the presence of large numbers of extracellular and intracellular bacteria, often within macrophages. The kidneys (pronephros and mesonephros), spleen, nares, and forebrain were the most commonly and severely affected tissues. In outbreaks, mortality was acute and numerous fish died over a 1\u20132 week period. Mortality continued until the majority of the population was lost, at which time the remaining fish were euthanized. In addition to these cases, four cultures of bacteria isolated from Zebrafish by another diagnostic laboratory were submitted to the Louisiana Aquatic Diagnostic Laboratory for identification and were confirmed as E. ictaluri. In total, eight cultures of E. ictaluri from Zebrafish from Louisiana, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Florida were identified. The isolates were confirmed as E. ictaluri by biochemical phenotype, API 20E (bioM\u00e9rieux), and amplification and sequencing of a portion of the 16S rRNA gene. Edwardsiella ictaluri isolates from Zebrafish are believed to comprise a unique group and were differentiated from catfish isolates by exhibiting weaker motility, autoaggregation in broth, a different plasmid profile (two plasmids of 4.0 and 3.5 kb), a different API 20E code (4204000), and lack of lipopolysaccharide recognition with Mab Ed9.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Received November 9, 2012; accepted February 22, 2013<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/08997659.2013.782226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]],"date-time":"2013-07-18T18:51:03Z","timestamp":1374173463000},"page":"171-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":109,"title":["Edwardsiellosis Caused by\n                    <i>Edwardsiella ictaluri<\/i>\n                    in Laboratory Populations of Zebrafish\n                    <i>Danio rerio<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1093","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"John P.","family":"Hawke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Kent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 202 Nash Hall, Corvallis, Oregon, 97331, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matt","family":"Rogge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin at Stevens Point, 800 Reserve Street, Stevens Point, Wisconsin, 54481, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wes","family":"Baumgartner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiology and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, 240 Wise Center Drive, Mississippi State, Mississippi, 39762, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy","family":"Wiles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johnny","family":"Shelley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. Christine","family":"Savolainen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, 103 Life Sciences, South Campus Drive, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Laboratory Animal Resources, University of Pittsburg, 4200 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, 15261, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katy","family":"Murray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, 1100 Johnson Lane, Eugene, Oregon, 97403, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy S.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine Oregon State University 202 Nash Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA"},{"name":"Aquaculture\/Fisheries Center University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff 1200 North University Drive Pine Bluff Arkansas 71601 USA"},{"name":"Aquaculture\/Fisheries Center, University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff 1200 North University Drive Pine Bluff Arkansas 71601 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"286","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2761.1986.tb01037.x","article-title":"Use of monoclonal antibodies in the indirect fluorescent antibody technique (IFA) for the diagnosis of Edwardsiella ictaluri","volume":"9","author":"Ainsworth","year":"1986","journal-title":"Journal of Fish Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.515","article-title":"Virus discovery by sequence-independent genome amplification","volume":"16","author":"Ambrose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Reviews in Medical Virology"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1998)010<0022:GSOEII>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Genomic subtyping of Edwardsiella ictaluri isolated from diseased Channel Catfish by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction","volume":"10","author":"Bader","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3354\/dao008113","article-title":"Susceptibility of nonictalurid fishes to experimental infection with Edwardsiella ictaluri","volume":"8","author":"Baxa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-26.2.246","article-title":"Serological investigation of the fish pathogen Edwardsiella ictaluri, cause of enteric septicemia of catfish","volume":"26","author":"Bertolini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Wildlife Diseases"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(2003)015<0080:ARPCRA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A real-time polymerase chain reaction assay of the bacterium Edwardsiella ictaluri in Channel Catfish","volume":"15","author":"Bilodeau","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8667(1994)006<0266:CSOTCC>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Specificity of the Channel Catfish antibody to Edwardsiella ictaluri","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of Aquatic Animal Health"},{"key":"2025011310222377100_CIT0051","author":"CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute)","year":"2006","journal-title":"Methods for antimicrobial disk susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from aquatic animals; 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