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HW-ECM improved blood glucose levels and insulin resistance and increased adiponectin mRNA expression in adipose tissues and protein concentrations in the plasma. Moreover, it increased adipose mRNA and protein expressions of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b3 (PPAR\u03b3), a regulator of adiponectin transcription, and mRNA expression of its downstream target genes. It also reduced the adipose cell size and attenuated the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines in adipose tissues. These data presumably indicate a hypoglycemic mechanism of HW-ECM, involving increased PPAR\u03b3 expression, decreased the adipocyte sizes, and suppression of chronic inflammation in adipose tissues. Finally, elevated adiponectin levels lead to amelioration of insulin resistance and the corresponding hypoglycemic effects. Therefore, HW-ECM indicates its potential as a functional food for type 2 diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/09168451.2015.1008975","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,10]],"date-time":"2015-02-10T05:27:30Z","timestamp":1423546050000},"page":"1147-1154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Hot water extracts of edible\n                    <i>Chrysanthemum morifolium<\/i>\n                    Ramat. exert antidiabetic effects in obese diabetic KK-Ay mice"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"79","author":[{"given":"Junpei","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miki","family":"Tadaishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Yamane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Oishi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makoto","family":"Shimizu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Kobayashi-Hattori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Bioscience, Department of Nutritional Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"2021033107590888600_CIT0001","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0106-75","article-title":"Diabetes and obesity: the twin epidemics","volume":"12","author":"Smyth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. 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