{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T19:05:36Z","timestamp":1778094336678,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cultural Studies"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/09502386.2024.2329873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]],"date-time":"2024-03-20T10:43:07Z","timestamp":1710931387000},"page":"626-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["NFTs and the financialization of art"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Barbara","family":"Jenkins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wilfrid Laurier University","place":["Waterloo, Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08164649.2018.1517245"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.frl.2022.103473"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","unstructured":"Art Exchange. 2022. https:\/\/theart.exchange\/#block-work."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","unstructured":"Artemundi. 2022. https:\/\/artemundi.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Artfinder. 2017. The artfinder independent art market report: 2017. https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/1fozZCEKWffTzUmLz_kxnu8yApehOyYMf\/view."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"Attlee D. 2023. Sotheby\u2019s sold $35 million worth of digital art in 2023. Cointelegraph 25 December 2023. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/sothebys-sold-35-million-digital-art-2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"Barab\u00e1si A. 2021. The art market often works in secret. Here\u2019s a look inside. New York Times 7 May 2021. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2021\/05\/07\/opinion\/nft-art-market.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","unstructured":"Batycka D. 2022. Metakoven and Twobadour joined forces to buy the $69.3 Million Beeple. Here\u2019s what their split tells us about the future of the NFT market Artnet.com 6 September 2022. https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/market\/metakoven-and-twobadour-split-2152109."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Simulacra and simulation","author":"Baudrillard J.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Baudrillard, J., 1994. Simulacra and simulation. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"Benzine V. 2023. Sotheby\u2019s blockchain Gen Art program shows tech taking a back seat to art. Cointelegraph 25 July 2023. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/sotheby-s-blockchain-gen-art-program-shows-tech-taking-a-back-seat-to-art."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Berwick A. and Howcroft E. 2021. Christie\u2019s: How an Indian metaverse king made his fortune. Reuters 17 November 2021. https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/article\/finance-crypto-sundaresan\/special-report-from-crypto-to-christies-how-an-indian-metaverse-king-made-his-fortune-idINL8N2S82TF\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Blur. 2023. How to earn royalties on Blur. Blog post 16 February 2023. https:\/\/mirror.xyz\/blurdao.eth\/vYOjzk4cQCQ7AtuJWWiZPoNZ04YKQmTMsos0NNq_hYs."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","volume-title":"Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste","author":"Bourdieu P.","year":"1984","unstructured":"Bourdieu, P., 1984. Distinction: a social critique of the judgement of taste, trans. Richard Nice. London and Melbourne: Routledge and Kegan Paul."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/arts12050212"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"Brandom R. 2021. Brian Eno is not a fan of NFTs. Verge 20 December 2021. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2021\/12\/20\/22846654\/brian-eno-nft-crypto-skeptical-morozov-suckers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Brandom R. 2022. How one company took over the NFT trade. Verge 2 February 2022. https:\/\/www.theverge.com\/2022\/2\/2\/22914081\/open-sea-nft-marketplace-web3-fundraising-finzer-a16z."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22230\/cjc.2021v46n3a3701"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14702029.2020.1808336"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09502386.2022.2030777"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","unstructured":"Castor A. 2021. Metakovan the mystery Beeple art buyer and his NFT\/DeFi scheme. https:\/\/amycastor.com\/2021\/03\/14\/metakovan-the-mystery-beeple-art-buyer-and-his-nft-defi-scheme\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"Chainalysis. 2021. NFT market report preview. https:\/\/blog.chainalysis.com\/reports\/nft-market-report-preview-2021\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"Chainalysis. 2022. Crime and NFTs: chainalysis detects significant washing trading and some money laundering in this emerging asset class. 2 February 2022. https:\/\/blog.chainalysis.com\/reports\/2022-crypto-crime-report-preview-nft-wash-trading-money-laundering\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10746-014-9337-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"CoinStats. 2024. Historical data for B20 token. Available from: https:\/\/coinstats.app\/coins\/b20\/ [Accessed 20 January 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","unstructured":"CryptoArt. 2022. https:\/\/cryptoart.io\/data."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","unstructured":"DADA. 2024. https:\/\/creeps.dada.nyc\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","unstructured":"DappRadar. 2022. Dapp Industry Report 2021. https:\/\/dappradar.com\/blog\/2021-dapp-industry-report."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","unstructured":"DappRadar. 2023. Dapp Industry Report 2022. https:\/\/dappradar.com\/blog\/dapp-industry-report-2022-dapp-industry-proves-resilient-in-crypto-winter\/#The-State-of-the-NFT-Market:-a-review-of-on-chain-metrics -blue-chip-collections -and-leading-NFT-marketplaces."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","unstructured":"DappRadar. 2024. Dapp Industry Report 2023. https:\/\/dappradar.com\/blog\/dapp-industry-report-2023-defi-nft-web3-games."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","unstructured":"Davis B. 2021. Inside the NFT rush: entrepreneurs promise NFTs will destroy the gatekeepers while jockeying to become the new gatekeepers. Artnet 25 November 2021. https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/opinion\/nft-rush-part-2-2039452."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","unstructured":"Deloitte. 2021. Art and finance report 2021 7th edition. Available from: https:\/\/www2.deloitte.com\/content\/dam\/Deloitte\/lu\/Documents\/financial-services\/artandfinance\/lu-art-finance-report-2021.pdf [Accessed January 5 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"De Vynck G. and MacMillan D. 2021. He just spent $69 million on a digital piece of art. It\u2019s not his first Beeple Washington Post 18 March 2021. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2021\/03\/17\/nft-beeple-metakovan-christies\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"169","volume-title":"The aesthetics of power","author":"Duncan C.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Duncan, C., 1993. Who rules the art world? In: C. Duncan, ed. The aesthetics of power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 169\u2013188."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315211909-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","volume-title":"Cryptocurrencies and blockchains","author":"DuPont Q.","year":"2019","unstructured":"DuPont, Q., 2019. Cryptocurrencies and blockchains. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press. ProQuest Ebook Central, https:\/\/ebookcentral-proquest-com.libproxy.wlu.ca\/lib\/oculwlu-ebooks\/detail.action?docID\u2009=\u20095725376."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"Franceschi-Bicchierai L. 2022. People can\u2019t see some NFTs on Twitter Crypto Wallets after OpenSea goes down. Vice 20 January 2022. https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/g5qjej\/people-cant-see-some-nfts-in-crypto-wallets-after-opensea-goes-down."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","unstructured":"Galloway S. 2021. \u201cWeb3\u201d posted on No Mercy\/No Malice blog https:\/\/www.profgalloway.com\/web3\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","unstructured":"Gao J. 2023. OpenSea and Blur Compette for NFT Market Dominance through Creator Royalties. Dappradar 20 February 2023. https:\/\/dappradar.com\/blog\/opensea-and-blur-compete-for-nft-market-dominance-through-creator-royalties."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","unstructured":"Gherghelas S. 2023. Blur dominates 82% of the NFT lending market DappRadar 25 May 2023. https:\/\/dappradar.com\/blog\/blur-dominates-82-of-the-nft-lending-market."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","unstructured":"Ghilarducci T. 2020. Most Americans don\u2019t have a real stake in the stock market. Forbes 31 August 2020. https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/teresaghilarducci\/2020\/08\/31\/most-americans-dont-have-a-real-stake-in-the-stock-market\/?sh\u2009=\u20096a03013a1154."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/aer.101.3.222"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09502386.2017.1363260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv4ncp3s"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Halperin J. 2015. Almost one third of solo shows in museums go to artists represented by five galleries. The Art Newspaper 1 April 2015. https:\/\/www.theartnewspaper.com\/2015\/04\/02\/almost-one-third-of-solo-shows-in-us-museums-go-to-artists-represented-by-five-galleries."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199283262.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","unstructured":"Haun K. and Finzer D. 2021. NFT use cases today and tomorrow. A16z Podcast 19 May 2021. https:\/\/a16z.com\/2021\/05\/19\/a16z-podcast-nft-use-cases-today-and-tomorrow\/."},{"issue":"0","key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The new luxury freeports: offshore storage, tax avoidance, and \u2018invisible\u2019 art","volume":"0","author":"Helgadottir O.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Helgadottir, O., 2020. The new luxury freeports: offshore storage, tax avoidance, and \u2018invisible\u2019 art. Environment and planning A: economy and space, 0 (0), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"Environment and planning A: economy and space"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","unstructured":"Hu E. 2022. Clever NFT traders exploit crypto\u2019s unregulated landscape by wash trading on LooksRare. Cointelegraph 30 January 2022. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/clever-nft-traders-exploit-crypto-s-unregulated-landscape-by-wash-trading-on-looksrare."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2218\/finsoc.v2i2.1726"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","unstructured":"Jenkins B. 2016. This is not an artbook [e-book]. Toronto: Tennis. https:\/\/thisisnotanartbook.com\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","unstructured":"Joseph S. 2019. State of diversity and inclusion in blockchain. 23 December 2019. https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5a7f13828a02c7e2df8e6c68\/t\/5e00f58ccf118b46b6fbd32c\/1577121230490\/The+State+of+Diversity+and+Inclusion+in+Blockchain.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13504851.2023.2182402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","volume-title":"Creators take control: how NFTs revolutionize art, business, and entertainment","author":"Lee E.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee, E., 2023. Creators take control: how NFTs revolutionize art, business, and entertainment. New York: Harper Business."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","unstructured":"Lutz S. 2023. Blur Advises NFT Creataors to Block Opensea in Royalties Battle. Decrypt 16 February 2023. https:\/\/decrypt.co\/121450\/blur-advises-nft-creators-to-block-opensea-in-royalties-battle."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","unstructured":"Marlinspike M. 2022. My first impressions of Web3. https:\/\/moxie.org\/2022\/01\/07\/web3-first-impressions.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","unstructured":"Masterworks. 2020. https:\/\/www.masterworks.io\/about\/how-it-works."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10350330.2013.777594"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","unstructured":"Metapurse. 2021. What is Metapurse? https:\/\/metapurser.substack.com\/p\/nfts-the-first-5000-beeples?utm_source\u2009=\u2009url."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","unstructured":"Manoylov M.K. 2022. Why NFT royalties are almost impossible to enforce on-chain. The Block 21 October 2022. https:\/\/www.theblock.co\/post\/178603\/why-nft-royalties-are-almost-impossible-to-enforce-on-chain."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"NFTs and the art world \u2013 what\u2019s real, and what\u2019s not","volume":"29","author":"Murray M.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Murray, M., 2021. NFTs and the art world \u2013 what\u2019s real, and what\u2019s not. UCLA entertainment Law review, 29 (1), 25\u201358.","journal-title":"UCLA entertainment Law review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00053-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","unstructured":"Nasdaq. 2024. Nasdaq historical data. Available from: https:\/\/www.nasdaq.com\/market-activity\/cryptocurrency\/eth\/historical [Accessed 7 January 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","unstructured":"Nonfungible.com. 2022. Q1 2022 NFT market report https:\/\/www.slideshare.net\/secret\/zw9isU0mUwYh2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","unstructured":"Nonfungible.com. 2023. NFT art and royalties. Nonfungible.com 14 September 2023. https:\/\/nonfungible.com\/news\/analysis\/nft-art-and-royalties."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14702029.2022.2129204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.econlet.2022.110727"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","unstructured":"Palma S. 2021. Crypto investor Vignesh Sundaresan: \u2018It\u2019s the NFT that changed the world\u2019. Financial Times 4 June 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. 2020. Trends in income and wealth inequality. Available from: https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/social-trends\/2020\/01\/09\/trends-in-income-and-wealth-inequality\/ [Accessed 12 January 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","volume-title":"The great transformation","author":"Polanyi K.","year":"1944","unstructured":"Polanyi, K., 1944. The great transformation. Boston: Beacon Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","unstructured":"Quarmby B. 2022. OpenSea reverses limits on minting after community controversy. Cointelegraph 28 January 2022. https:\/\/cointelegraph.com\/news\/opensea-reverses-limits-on-minting-after-community-backlash."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","unstructured":"Quiroz-Gutierrez M. 2022. A man is suing OpenSea for $1 million over theft of this Bored Ape NFT. Fortune 22 February 2022. https:\/\/fortune.com\/2022\/02\/22\/man-suing-opensea-nft-theft\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1556\/204.2019.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","unstructured":"Rivers Ryan T. 2021. Token Gesture. ArtForum May 2021. https:\/\/www.artforum.com\/print\/202105\/token-gesture-85475."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/mcj.2863"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","unstructured":"Solana. 2023. Breakpoint 2023: how to store Solana NFTs on-chain \u2013 a brief overview. Solana Compass https:\/\/solanacompass.com\/learn\/breakpoint-23\/breakpoint-2023-how-to-store-solana-nfts-on-chain-a-brief-overview."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","unstructured":"Stein L. 2021. NFTs for charities \u2013 how tokens are raising money for non-profits Yahoo Finance 27 May 2021. https:\/\/finance.yahoo.com\/news\/nfts-charities-tokens-raising-money-170000189.html."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09502386.2017.1416420"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","first-page":"152","article-title":"Art markets without art, art without objects","volume":"02","author":"Taylor J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Taylor, J., and Sloane, K., 2021. Art markets without art, art without objects. The garage journal: studies in art, museums and culture, 02, 152\u2013175.","journal-title":"The garage journal: studies in art, museums and culture"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2202\/1932-0213.1091"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","unstructured":"Thompson C. 2022. OpenSea makes waves: says creator royalties will be enforced. Coindesk 10 November 2022. https:\/\/www.coindesk.com\/web3\/2022\/11\/09\/opensea-makes-waves-says-creator-royalties-will-be-enforced\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","unstructured":"Transfer. 2024. https:\/\/transfergallery.com\/about\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","unstructured":"UNICEF. 2021. UNICEF to launch UN\u2019s largest-ever NFT collection to mark 75th anniversary UNICEF 8 December 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1749975520964357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10824-022-09445-8"},{"issue":"2769","key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Quantifying NFT-driven networks in crypto art","volume":"12","author":"Vasan K.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Vasan, K., Janosov, M., and Barab\u00e1si, A.-L., 2022. Quantifying NFT-driven networks in crypto art. Scientific reports, 12 (2769), 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Scientific reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","unstructured":"Velie E. 2023. What\u2019s in store for NFTs in 2023? Hyperallergic 3 January 2023. https:\/\/hyperallergic.com\/784662\/whats-in-store-for-nfts-in-2023\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3964905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","unstructured":"Walden J. 2020. Progressive decentralization: a playbook for building crypto applications. 9 January 2020. https:\/\/a16z.com\/2020\/01\/09\/progressive-decentralization-crypto-product-management\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","unstructured":"Whittingdon R. 2023. Beeple collector Metakovan is suing Twobadour claiming his ex-partner is falsely taking credit for buying the $69 Million NFT. Artnet.com 20 June 2023. https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/art-world\/metakovan-suing-twobadour-beeple-nft-2324373."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Exploring gender and race biases in the NFT market","volume":"53","author":"Zong H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zong, H., and Hamilton, M., 2023. Exploring gender and race biases in the NFT market. Finance research letters, 53, 1\u201310.","journal-title":"Finance research letters"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17510694.2016.1154651"}],"container-title":["Cultural Studies"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09502386.2024.2329873","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T05:43:49Z","timestamp":1749793429000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09502386.2024.2329873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"references-count":91,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/09502386.2024.2329873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09502386.2024.2329873","relation":{},"ISSN":["0950-2386","1466-4348"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0950-2386","type":"print"},{"value":"1466-4348","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rcus20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=rcus20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2023-02-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}