{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:31:51Z","timestamp":1772767911660,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental &amp; Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/09528130802246602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,13]],"date-time":"2009-02-13T02:37:26Z","timestamp":1234492646000},"page":"43-58","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["On the influence of imputation in classification: practical issues"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Eduardo R.","family":"Hruschka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of S\u00e3o Paulo (USP)","place":["Brazil"]}]},{"given":"Antonio J.T.","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Estevam R.","family":"Hruschka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal University of S\u00e3o Carlos (UFSCAR)","place":["Brazil"]}]},{"given":"Nelson F.F.","family":"Ebecken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"COPPE, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro","place":["Brazil"]}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-17103-1_60","volume-title":"Classification, Clustering and Data Mining Applications","author":"Acu\u00f1a E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Acu\u00f1a , E and Rodriguez , C . 2004 . \u201c The Treatment of Missing Values and its Effect in the Classifier Accuracy \u201d . In Classification, Clustering and Data Mining Applications , Edited by: Banks , D , House , L , McMorris , FR , Arabie , P and Gaul , W . 639 \u2013 648 . Heidelberg, , Berlin : Springer-Verlag ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","first-page":"227","volume-title":"Proceedings of the ACM Knowledge Discovery from Databases (KDD 2001)","author":"Aggarwal CC","year":"2001","unstructured":"Aggarwal , CC and Parthasarathy , S . 2001 . \u201c Mining Massively Incomplete Data Sets by Conceptual Reconstruction \u201d . In Proceedings of the ACM Knowledge Discovery from Databases (KDD 2001) , 227 \u2013 232 . San Francisco, CA : ACM ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713827181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","series-title":"Technical Report","volume-title":"\u201cA Gentle Tutorial on the EM Algorithm and its Application to Parameter Estimation for Gaussian Mixture and Hidden Markov Models\u201d","author":"Bilmes J","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bilmes , J . 1997 . \u201cA Gentle Tutorial on the EM Algorithm and its Application to Parameter Estimation for Gaussian Mixture and Hidden Markov Models\u201d , Technical Report University of Berkeley, ICSI-TR-97-021 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","volume-title":"CART: Classification and Regression Trees","author":"Breiman L","year":"1983","unstructured":"Breiman , L , Friedman , JH , Olshen , RA and Stone , CJ . 1983 . CART: Classification and Regression Trees , Wadsworth, CA : Chapman & Hall ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022649401552"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1467-985X.2003.00736.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007413511361"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","first-page":"717","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence","author":"Friedman HF","year":"1996","unstructured":"Friedman , HF , Kohavi , R and Yun , Y . 1996 . \u201c Lazy Decision Trees \u201d . In Proceedings of the 13th National Conference on Artificial Intelligence , 717 \u2013 724 . Cambridge, MA : AAAI Press\/MIT Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","first-page":"497","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Fifth International conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS05)","author":"Garcia AJT","year":"2005","unstructured":"Garcia , AJT and Hruschka , ER . 2005 . \u201c Na\u00efve Bayes as an Imputation Tool for Classification Problems \u201d . In Proceedings of the Fifth International conference on Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS05) , 497 \u2013 499 . Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Computer Society ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","series-title":"Technical Report AI Lab Memo No. 1509, CBCL Paper No. 108","volume-title":"\u201cLearning from incomplete data\u201d","author":"Ghahramami Z","year":"1995","unstructured":"Ghahramami , Z and Jordan , M . 1995 . \u201cLearning from incomplete data\u201d , Technical Report AI Lab Memo No. 1509, CBCL Paper No. 108 MIT AI Lab ."},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.3233\/IDA-2002-6606","article-title":"Missing Values Prediction with K2","volume":"6","author":"Hruschka Jr ER","year":"2002","unstructured":"Hruschka Jr , ER and Ebecken , NFF . 2002 . Missing Values Prediction with K2 . Intelligent Data Analysis, Netherlands , 6 ( 6 ) : 557 \u2013 566 .","journal-title":"Intelligent Data Analysis, Netherlands"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","first-page":"513","volume-title":"Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3339","author":"Hruschka ER","year":"2004","unstructured":"Hruschka , ER , Hruschka Jr , ER and Ebecken , NFF . 2004 . \u201c Towards Efficient Imputation by Nearest-Neighbors: A Clustering Based Approach \u201d . In Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence 3339 , 513 \u2013 525 . USA : Springer ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10844-006-0016-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence","author":"John GH","year":"1995","unstructured":"John , GH and Langley , P . 1995 . \u201c Estimating Continuous Distributions in Bayesian Classifiers \u201d . In Proceedings of the 11th Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence , 338 \u2013 345 . San Francisco, CA : Morgan Kaufmann ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0893-6080(95)00014-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","first-page":"309","volume-title":"Proceedings of the Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS\u201905)","author":"Karmaker A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Karmaker , A and Kwek , S . 2005 . \u201c An EM-Approach for Handling Missing Values in Classification Problems \u201d . In Proceedings of the Hybrid Intelligent Systems (HIS\u201905) , 309 \u2013 314 . Piscataway, NJ : IEEE Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-5-160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bth499"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055401000235"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","series-title":"Technical Report","volume-title":"\u2018Experiments in Automatic Learning of Medical Diagnostic Rules\u2019","author":"Kononenko I","year":"1984","unstructured":"Kononenko , I , Bratko , I and Roskar , E . 1984 . \u2018Experiments in Automatic Learning of Medical Diagnostic Rules\u2019 , Technical Report Ljubjana, , Slovenia : Jozef Stefan Institute ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","volume-title":"Statistical Analysis with Missing Data","author":"Little R","year":"1987","unstructured":"Little , R and Rubin , DB . 1987 . Statistical Analysis with Missing Data , New York : John Wiley & Sons ."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","first-page":"162","article-title":"Ordered Estimation of Missing Values for Propositional Learning","volume":"15","author":"Lobo OO","year":"2000","unstructured":"Lobo , OO and Noneao , M . 2000 . Ordered Estimation of Missing Values for Propositional Learning . Journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence , 15 ( 1 ) : 162 \u2013 168 .","journal-title":"Journal of the Japanese Society for Artificial Intelligence"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Proceedings of the KDD-05 Workshop on Utility-Based Data Mining","author":"Melville P","year":"2005","unstructured":"Melville , P , Saar-Tsechansky , M , Provost , F and Mooney , RJ . 2005 . \u201c Economical Active Feature-value Acquisition through Expected Utility Estimation \u201d . In Proceedings of the KDD-05 Workshop on Utility-Based Data Mining , 1 \u2013 7 . Chicago, IL : ACM ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","volume-title":"UCI Repository of Machine Learning Databases, [http:\/\/www.ics.uci.edu]","author":"Merz CJ","year":"1997","unstructured":"Merz , CJ and Murphy , PM . 1997 . UCI Repository of Machine Learning Databases, [http:\/\/www.ics.uci.edu] , Irvine, CA : University of California, Department of Information and Computer Science ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems","author":"Pearl J","year":"1988","unstructured":"Pearl , J . 1988 . Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems , San Francisco, CA : Morgan Kaufmann ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.1971.10488846"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","volume-title":"Data Preparation for Data Mining","author":"Pyle D","year":"1999","unstructured":"Pyle , D . 1999 . Data Preparation for Data Mining , San Diego, CA : Academic Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116251"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-036-2.50048-5","volume-title":"Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Machine Learning","author":"Quinlan JR","year":"1989","unstructured":"Quinlan , JR . 1989 . \u201c Unknown Attribute Values in Induction \u201d . In Proceedings of 6th International Workshop on Machine Learning , 164 \u2013 168 . Ithaca, NY : Morgan Kaufmann ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-050058-4.50007-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1137\/1026034"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1977.10480610"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/63.3.581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696","volume-title":"Multiple Imputation for Non-Responses in Surveys","author":"Rubin DB","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rubin , DB . 1987 . Multiple Imputation for Non-Responses in Surveys , New York : John Wiley & Sons ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","volume-title":"Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data","author":"Schafer JL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Schafer , JL . 2000 . Analysis of Incomplete Multivariate Data , Boca Raton, FL : Chapman & Hall\/CRC ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.7.2.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bti708"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2006.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1987.10478458"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/17.6.520"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2004.02.014","article-title":"Nearest Neighbour Approach in the Least Squares Data Imputation Algorithms","volume":"169","author":"Wasito I","year":"2005","unstructured":"Wasito , I and Mirkin , B . 2005 . Nearest Neighbour Approach in the Least Squares Data Imputation Algorithms . Information Sciences , 169 : 1 \u2013 25 .","journal-title":"Information Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","first-page":"35","volume-title":"Research and Development in Expert Systems III","author":"White AP","year":"1987","unstructured":"White , AP . 1987 . \u201c Probabilistic Induction by Dynamic Path Generation in Virtual Trees \u201d . In Research and Development in Expert Systems III , Edited by: Bramer , MA . 35 \u2013 46 . Cambridge University Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","volume-title":"Data Mining\u2013Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations","author":"Witten IH","year":"2000","unstructured":"Witten , IH and Frank , E . 2000 . Data Mining\u2013Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques with Java Implementations , USA : Morgan Kaufmann Publishers ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176346060"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1145\/568574.568579","article-title":"Learning Missing Values from Summary Constraints","volume":"4","author":"Wu X","year":"2002","unstructured":"Wu , X and Barbar\u00e1 , D . 2002 . Learning Missing Values from Summary Constraints . SIGKDD Explorations , 4 ( 1 ) : 21 \u2013 30 .","journal-title":"SIGKDD Explorations"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","first-page":"440","article-title":"On Why Discretization Works for Na\u00efve-Bayes Classifiers","volume":"2903","author":"Yang Y","year":"2003","unstructured":"Yang , Y and Webb , GI . 2003 . On Why Discretization Works for Na\u00efve-Bayes Classifiers . Lecture Notes on Artificial Intelligence (LNAI 2903) , 2903 : 440 \u2013 452 .","journal-title":"Lecture Notes on Artificial Intelligence (LNAI 2903)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental &amp; Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09528130802246602","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T02:40:18Z","timestamp":1772764818000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09528130802246602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/09528130802246602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09528130802246602","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-813X","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-3079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,2]]}}}