{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,24]],"date-time":"2026-04-24T02:47:42Z","timestamp":1776998862014,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3-4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147357","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T15:41:55Z","timestamp":1027698115000},"page":"319-339","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Experience, introspection and expertise: Learning to refine the case-based reasoning process"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"David B.","family":"Leake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","first-page":"65","volume":"7","author":"Agnew N.","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Expert Systems"},{"key":"CIT0002","volume":"2","author":"Allemang D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Case-Based reasoning Newsletter"},{"key":"CIT0003","volume-title":"The Architecture of Cognition","author":"Anderson J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0004","volume-title":"Modeling Legal Arguments: Reasoning with Cases and Hypotheticals","author":"Ashley K.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0005","unstructured":"Ashley, K. and Rissland, E. Compare and contrast, a test of expertise. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.273\u2013284. Palo Alto: AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0006","volume-title":"Exemplar-Based Knowledge Acquisition: A Unified Approach to Concept Representation, Classification, and Learning","author":"Bareiss R.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0007","unstructured":"Bayles, S. and Das, B. Using artificial intelligence to support traffc flow management problem resolution. Proceedings of the AAAI-94 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning. pp.133\u2013137. Seattle, WA: AAAI."},{"key":"CIT0008","volume-title":"Surpassing Ourselves: An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise","author":"Bereiter C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0009","unstructured":"Berger, J. and Hammond, K. ROENTGEN: a memory-based approach to radiation therapy treatment. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. San Mateo. Edited by: Bareiss, R. pp.203\u2013214. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0010","unstructured":"Birnbaum, L., Collins, G., Brand, M., Freed, M., Krulwich, B. and Pryor, L. A model-based approach to the construct ion of adaptive case-based planning systems. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. San Mateo. Edited by: Bareiss, R. pp.215\u2013224. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0011","unstructured":"Birnbaum, L., Collins, G., Freed, M. and Krulwich, B. Model-based diagnosis of planning failures. Proceedings of the Eighth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.318\u2013323. Boston, MA: AAAI."},{"key":"CIT0012","first-page":"141","volume":"4","author":"Blevis E.","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Expert Systems"},{"key":"CIT0013","unstructured":"Branting, K. and Porter, B. Rules and precedents as complementary warrants. Proceedings of the Ninth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.3\u20139. Anaheim, CA: AAAI."},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Burstein, M. Case age: selecting the best exemplars for plausible reasoning using distance in time or space. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp.106\u2013111. Atlanta, GA: Cognitive Science Society.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789354-19"},{"key":"CIT0015","volume-title":"Toward a General Theory of Expertise","author":"Camerer C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0016","volume-title":"Knowing Levels and Developmental Stages","author":"Campbell R.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9733-5_16","volume-title":"The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI","author":"Campbell R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0018","volume-title":"Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach","author":"Carbonell J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1302_1"},{"key":"CIT0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cox, M. Machines that forget: learning from retrieval failure of mis-indexed explanations. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Atlanta, GA. pp.225\u2013230.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789354-39"},{"key":"CIT0021","volume-title":"Exploring Artificial Intelligence: Survey Talks from the National Conferences in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Davis R.","year":"1988"},{"key":"CIT0022","first-page":"145","volume":"1","author":"DeJong G.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"CIT0023","first-page":"201","volume":"4","author":"Domeshek E.","year":"1992","journal-title":"International Journal of Expert Systems"},{"key":"CIT0024","volume-title":"Toward a General Theory of Expertise","author":"Ericsson K.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faries, J. and Schlossberg, K. The effect of similarity on memory for prior problems. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp.278\u2013282. Atlanta, GA: Cognitive Science Society.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789354-48"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, S. and Leake, D. Using introspective reasoning to guide index refinement in case-based reasoning. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Atlanta, GA. pp.324\u2013329.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789354-56"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fox, S. and Leake, D. Learning to refine indexing by introspective reasoning. Proceedings of First International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning. Sesimbra, Portugal. pp.431\u2013440.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60598-3_39"},{"key":"CIT0028","unstructured":"Fox, S. and Leake, D. Planning for repairing reasoning failures. Proceedings of the 1995 AAAI Spring Symposium on Representing Mental States and Mechanisms. Stanford, CA: AAAI. Available from"},{"key":"CIT0029","unstructured":"Fox, S. and Leake, D. Using introspective reasoning to refine indexing. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.391\u2013399. Montreal: IJCAI."},{"key":"CIT0030","first-page":"51","volume":"7","author":"Fuller S.","year":"1994","journal-title":"International Journal of Expert Systems"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/cogp.1993.1013"},{"key":"CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1003_2"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(80)90013-4"},{"key":"CIT0034","unstructured":"Goel, A., Callantine, T., Donnellan, M. and de Silva Garza, A. From models to cases: where do cases come from and what happens when a case is not available? Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp.475\u2013480. Boulder, CO: Cognitive Science Society."},{"key":"CIT0035","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1130701"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-322060-8.50018-8","volume-title":"Case-Based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task","author":"Hammond K.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0037","unstructured":"Hennessey, D. and Hinkle, D. Initial results from clavier: a case-based autoclave loading assistant. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. San Mateo. Edited by: Bareiss, R. pp.225\u2013232. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0038","volume-title":"Problem Solving in Open Worlds: A Case Study in Design","author":"Hinrichs T.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(93)90015-4"},{"key":"CIT0040","unstructured":"Hunter, L. Planning to learn. Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp.261\u2013268. Cambridge, MA: Cognitive Science Society."},{"key":"CIT0041","series-title":"Technical Report 6","volume-title":"Developing creative hypotheses by adapting explanations","author":"Kass A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0042","unstructured":"Klein, G. and Calderwood, R. How do people use analogues to make decisions? Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. Palo Alto. Edited by: Kolodner, J. pp.209\u2013223. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0043","volume-title":"Retrieval and Organizational Strategies in Conceptual Memory","author":"Kolodner J.","year":"1984"},{"key":"CIT0044","first-page":"52","volume":"12","author":"Kolodner J.","year":"1991","journal-title":"The AI Magazine"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-237-3.50005-4","volume-title":"Case-Based Reasoning","author":"Kolodner J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0046","unstructured":"Koton, P. Reasoning about evidence in causal explanations. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.256\u2013261. Minneapolis, MN: AAAI, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0047","unstructured":"Koton, P. Evaluating case-based problem solving. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. San Mateo. Edited by: Hammond, K. pp.173\u2013175. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0048","first-page":"555","volume-title":"Readings in Machine Learning","author":"Laird J. E.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lancaster, J. and Kolodner, J. Problem solving in a natural task as a function of experience. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp.727\u2013736. Seattle, WA: Cognitive Science Society.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA191180"},{"key":"CIT0050","unstructured":"Lancaster, J. and Kolodner, J. Varieties of learning from problem-solving experience. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Montreal: Cognitive Science Society."},{"key":"CIT0051","unstructured":"Leake, D. Constructive similarity assessment: using stored cases to define new situations. Proceedings of the Fourteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. pp.313\u2013318. Bloomington, IN: Cognitive Science Society."},{"key":"CIT0052","volume-title":"Evaluating Explanations: A Content Theory","author":"Leake D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0053","unstructured":"Leake, D. Learning adaptation strategies by introspective reasoning about memory search. Proceedings of the AAAI-93 Workshop on Case-Based Reasoning. pp.57\u201363. Washington, DC: AAAI. AAAI Press technical report WS-93-01"},{"key":"CIT0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leake, D. Towards a computer model of memory search strategy learning. Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Atlanta, GA. pp.549\u2013554.","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315789354-95"},{"key":"CIT0055","first-page":"63","volume":"15","author":"Leake D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"The AI Magazine"},{"key":"CIT0056","first-page":"165","volume":"8","author":"Leake D.","year":"1995","journal-title":"International Journal of Expert Systems"},{"key":"CIT0057","unstructured":"Leake, D. Combining rules and cases to learn case adaptation. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Pittsburgh, PA. pp.84\u201389."},{"key":"CIT0058","unstructured":"Leake, D. Representing self-knowledge for introspection about memory search. Proceedings of the 1995 AAAI Spring Symposium on Representing Mental States and Mechanisms. pp.84\u201388. Stanford, CA: AAAI. Available from"},{"key":"CIT0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leake, D., Kinley, A. and Wilson, D. Learning to improve case adaptation by introspective reasoning and CBR. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Case-Based Reasoning Sesimbra. Portugal. pp.229\u2013240.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-60598-3_21"},{"key":"CIT0060","first-page":"67","volume":"14","author":"Leake D.","year":"1993","journal-title":"The AI Magazine"},{"key":"CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084161","volume":"41","author":"LeFevre J.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"CIT0062","volume-title":"The Nature of Expertise","author":"Lesgold A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"CIT0063","unstructured":"Minton, S. Selectively generalizing plans for problem-solving. Proceedings of the Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.596\u2013599. Los Angeles, CA: IJCAI."},{"key":"CIT0064","first-page":"47","volume":"1","author":"Mitchell T.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Machine Learning"},{"key":"CIT0065","first-page":"367","volume-title":"Machine Learning: An Artificial Intelligence Approach","author":"Mostow J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0066","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.14.3.510"},{"key":"CIT0067","volume-title":"The Grasp of Consciousness","author":"Piaget J.","year":"1976"},{"key":"CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080061"},{"key":"CIT0069","volume-title":"Machine Learning: A Multistrategy Approach","author":"Ram A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"CIT0070","unstructured":"Ram, A. AQUA: asking questions and understanding answers. Proceedings of the Sixth Annual National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.312\u2013316. Seattle, WA: Morgan Kaufmann Publishers."},{"key":"CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1031(91)90008-T"},{"key":"CIT0072","series-title":"Technical report GIT-CC-92\/43","volume-title":"Learning by observing and understanding expert problem solving","author":"Redmond M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0073","volume-title":"Inside Case-Based Reasoning","author":"Riesbeck C.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0074","unstructured":"Rissland, E., Skalak, D. and Friedman, M. Heuristic harvesting of information for case-based argument. Proceedings of the Twelfth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. pp.36\u201343. Seattle, WA: AAAI."},{"key":"CIT0075","unstructured":"Ross, B. Some psychological results on case-based reasoning. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. San Mateo. Edited by: Hammond, K. pp.144\u2013147. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0076","volume-title":"Explanation Patterns: Understanding Mechanically and Creatively","author":"Schank R.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(89)90053-2"},{"key":"CIT0078","volume-title":"Inside Case-Based Explanation","author":"Schank R.","year":"1994"},{"key":"CIT0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-1691-6","volume-title":"Machine Learning of Robot Assembly Plans","author":"Segre A.","year":"1988"},{"key":"CIT0080","unstructured":"Seifert, C. A retrieval model for case-based memory. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. Edited by: Kolodner, J. pp.120\u2013125. DARPA."},{"key":"CIT0081","unstructured":"Simoudis, E., Ford, K. and Canas, A. Knowledge acquisition in case-based reasoning: \u2018\u2026and then a miracle happens\u2019. Proceedings of the 1992 Florida AI Research Symposium. Edited by: Dankel, D. FLAIRS."},{"key":"CIT0082","unstructured":"Simoudis, E. and Miller, J. The application of CBR to help desk applications. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. San Mateo. Edited by: Bareiss, R. pp.25\u201336. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0083","first-page":"117","volume":"4","author":"Slator R.","year":"1991","journal-title":"International Journal of Expert Systems"},{"key":"CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-9733-5_11","volume-title":"The Psychology of Expertise: Cognitive Research and Empirical AI","author":"Sternberg R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0085","series-title":"Technical Report GIT-ICS- 87\/26","volume-title":"Resolving adversarial conflicts: an approach integrating case-based and analytic methods","author":"Sycara K.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0086","unstructured":"Sycara, K. Using case-based reasoning for plan adaptation and repair. Proceedings of the Case-Based Reasoning Workshop. Palo Alto. Edited by: Kolodner, J. pp.425\u2013434. DARPA, Morgan Kaufmann."},{"key":"CIT0087","volume-title":"Foundations of Cognitive Science","author":"VanLehn K.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-58811-6","volume-title":"Planning and Learning by Analogical Reasoning","author":"Veloso M.","year":"1994"},{"key":"CIT0089","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022686910523"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/095281396147357","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T22:39:09Z","timestamp":1583275149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/095281396147357"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"references-count":89,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/095281396147357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/095281396147357","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-813X","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-3079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]}}}