{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T17:40:12Z","timestamp":1682185212026},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3-4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147393","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T15:51:21Z","timestamp":1027698681000},"page":"399-417","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Developmental aspects of expertise: Rationality and generalization"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Mark H.","family":"Bickhard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","volume-title":"The Architecture of Cognition","author":"Anderson J. R.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0002","first-page":"533","volume-title":"The Basic Works of Aristotle","author":"Aristotle","year":"1941"},{"key":"CIT0003","volume-title":"The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology","author":"Baars B. J.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0004","first-page":"205","volume-title":"Evolutionary Epistemology, Theory of Rationality, and the Sociology of Knowledge","author":"Bartley W. W.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0005","volume-title":"Surpassing Ourselves: An Inquiry into the Nature and Implications of Expertise","author":"Bereiter C.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0006","first-page":"14","author":"Berliner D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Instructor"},{"key":"CIT0007","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000272443"},{"key":"CIT0008","first-page":"61","volume":"102","author":"Bickhard M. H.","year":"1980","journal-title":"Genetic Psychology Monographs"},{"key":"CIT0009","volume-title":"Cognition, Convention, and Communication","author":"Bickhard M. H.","year":"1980"},{"key":"CIT0010","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3178-3_5"},{"key":"CIT0011","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3178-3_2"},{"key":"CIT0012","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Children's Development within Social Context: Metatheory and Theory","author":"Bickhard M. H.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0013","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09528139308953775"},{"key":"CIT0014","volume-title":"Beyond Ruling Reason: Non-formal Approaches to Rationality","author":"Bickhard M. H."},{"key":"CIT0015","volume-title":"Foundational issues in Artificial Intelligence and Cognitive Science\u2014Impasse and Solution","author":"Bickhard M. H.","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0016","volume-title":"A history of formal logic","author":"Bochenski I. M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"CIT0017","volume-title":"Computability and logic","author":"Boolos G. S.","year":"1989","edition":"3"},{"key":"CIT0018","first-page":"263","volume-title":"Handbook of Child Psychology, Vol. III: Cognitive Development","author":"Braine M. D. S.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0019","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147384"},{"key":"CIT0020","volume-title":"Rationality","author":"Brown H. I.","year":"1988"},{"key":"CIT0021","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sce.3730680412"},{"key":"CIT0022","first-page":"413","volume-title":"The Philosophy of Karl Popper","author":"Campbell D. T.","year":"1974"},{"key":"CIT0023","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0885-2014(91)90035-C"},{"key":"CIT0024","series-title":"5\u20136, ser. no. 234","first-page":"168","volume-title":"The Architecture and Dynamics of Developing Mind: Experiential Structuralism as a Frame for Unifying Cognitive Developmental Theories. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development","volume":"58","author":"Campbell R. L.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0025","volume-title":"Knowing Levels and Developmental Stages","author":"Campbell R. L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000273135"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0273-2297(92)90012-Q"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147339"},{"key":"CIT0029","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0263514830010205"},{"key":"CIT0030","volume-title":"Minimal Rationality","author":"Cherniak C.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/1460.001.0001","volume-title":"Associative Engines: Connectionism, Concepts, and Representational Change","author":"Clark A.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0032","first-page":"3","volume":"16","author":"Confrey J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Review of Research in Education"},{"key":"CIT0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139171496","volume-title":"Computability","author":"Cutland N. J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"CIT0034","volume-title":"Contemporary Epistemology","author":"Dancy J.","year":"1985"},{"key":"CIT0035","volume-title":"Consciousness Explained","author":"Dennett D. C.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0036","volume-title":"The Ideas of Particle Physics","author":"Dodd J. E.","year":"1984"},{"key":"CIT0037","first-page":"13","volume":"21","author":"Dreyfus H. L.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Review of Metaphysics"},{"key":"CIT0038","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Husserl: Intentionality and Cognitive Science","author":"Dreyfus H. L.","year":"1982"},{"key":"CIT0039","volume-title":"Being-in-the-World: A Commentary on Heidegger's Being and time","author":"Dreyfus H. L.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0040","volume-title":"Mind Over Machine: The Power of Human Intuition and Expertise in the Era of the Computer","author":"Dreyfus H. L.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0041","volume-title":"Contemporary Philosophy","volume":"2","author":"Elster J.","year":"1981"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.3.363"},{"key":"CIT0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5368","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.177.18.5368-5369.1995","volume":"177","author":"Eyre-Walker A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Bacteriology"},{"key":"CIT0044","volume-title":"Beyond Universals in Cognitive Development","author":"Feldman D. H.","year":"1980"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520337442-005","volume-title":"Scientific Realism","author":"Fine A.","year":"1984"},{"key":"CIT0046","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(72)90046-7"},{"key":"CIT0047","volume-title":"The language of thought","author":"Fodor J.","year":"1975"},{"key":"CIT0048","first-page":"257","volume-title":"RePresentations","author":"Fodor J.","year":"1981"},{"key":"CIT0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5684.001.0001","volume-title":"Psychosemantics","author":"Fodor J.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0050","volume-title":"A Theory of Content","author":"Fodor J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0051","first-page":"175","volume-title":"Information, Language, and Cognition","author":"Fodor J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(81)90009-3"},{"key":"CIT0053","volume-title":"Reasoning Agents in a Dynamic World: The Frame Problem","author":"Ford K. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0054","volume-title":"The Robot's Dilemma Revisited: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Ford K. M."},{"key":"CIT0055","volume-title":"The Interpretation of Dreams","author":"Freud S.","year":"1950"},{"key":"CIT0056","volume-title":"Principles of Instructional Design","author":"Gagn\u00e9 R. M.","year":"1992","edition":"4"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.40.2.181"},{"key":"CIT0058","first-page":"447","volume-title":"Metaphor and thought","author":"Gentner D.","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"CIT0059","volume-title":"Similarity in Language, Thought and Perception","author":"Gentner D.","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511983689.008","volume-title":"Perspectives on Language and Thought: Interrelations in Development","author":"Gentner D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0061","volume-title":"Mathematical physics","author":"Geroch R.","year":"1985"},{"key":"CIT0062","volume-title":"Issues in Evolutionary Epistemology","author":"Hahlweg K.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-322060-8.50018-8","volume-title":"Case-based Planning: Viewing Planning as a Memory Task","author":"Hammond K.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-81592-0","volume-title":"The Principles of Scientific Thinking","author":"Harr\u00e9 R.","year":"1970"},{"key":"CIT0065","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147348"},{"key":"CIT0066","volume-title":"Topology","author":"Hocking J. G.","year":"1961"},{"key":"CIT0067","volume-title":"Rationality and Relativism","author":"Hollis M.","year":"1982"},{"key":"CIT0068","volume-title":"Reason, Regulation, and Realism: Towards a Regulatory Systems Theory of Reason and Evolutionary Epistemology","author":"Hooker C. A.","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0069","volume-title":"A Treatise of Human Nature","author":"Hume D.","year":"1888"},{"key":"CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4716-6","volume-title":"Topological and Uniform Spaces","author":"James I. M.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0071","volume-title":"Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference, and Consciousness","author":"Johnson-Laird P. N.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0072","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1401_7"},{"key":"CIT0073","volume-title":"The Development of Logic","author":"Kneale W.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0074","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15516709cog1304_2"},{"key":"CIT0075","volume-title":"Progress and its Problems","author":"Laudan L.","year":"1977"},{"key":"CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520337442-012","volume-title":"Scientific Realism","author":"Laudan L.","year":"1984"},{"key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147357"},{"key":"CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0004-3702(91)90055-O"},{"key":"CIT0079","series-title":"Technical Report No. ACA-AI-300-88","volume-title":"The world according to CYC","author":"Lenat D. B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"CIT0080","series-title":"Technical Report No. ACA-AI-302-88","volume-title":"The CycL representation language","author":"Lenat D. B.","year":"1988"},{"key":"CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/289290"},{"key":"CIT0082","volume-title":"Instructional Design Strategies and Tactics","author":"Leshin C. B.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0083","volume-title":"Meaning in Mind: Fodor and his Critics","author":"Loewer B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0084","volume-title":"Logic and Knowledge","author":"Mackie J. L.","year":"1985"},{"key":"CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147320"},{"key":"CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.100.2.254"},{"key":"CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.85.3.207"},{"key":"CIT0088","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Methods of Heuristics","author":"Minsky M.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0089","volume-title":"The Society of Mind","author":"Minsky M.","year":"1986"},{"key":"CIT0090","volume-title":"A Priori Knowledge","author":"Moser P. K.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0091","unstructured":"Novak, J., ed. The Second International Seminar: Misconceptions and Educational Strategies in Science and Mathematics. Ithaca, NY: Department of Education, Cornell University."},{"key":"CIT0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543058003303","volume":"58","author":"Perkins D. N.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"CIT0093","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Interfacing Thought: Cognitive Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction","author":"Polson P. G.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0094","volume-title":"The Logic of Scientific Discovery","author":"Popper K. R.","year":"1959"},{"key":"CIT0095","first-page":"341","volume-title":"Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach","author":"Popper K. R.","year":"1972"},{"key":"CIT0096","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147366"},{"key":"CIT0097","volume-title":"The Robot's Dilemma: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence","author":"Pylyshyn Z. W.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0098","volume-title":"Artificial Intelligence","author":"Rich E.","year":"1991"},{"key":"CIT0099","volume-title":"Inside Case-based Reasoning","author":"Riesbeck C. K.","year":"1989"},{"key":"CIT0100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.256.5061.1287"},{"key":"CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147302"},{"key":"CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0732-118X(88)90043-8"},{"key":"CIT0103","volume-title":"The Structure of Scientific Theories","author":"Suppe F.","year":"1977","edition":"2"},{"key":"CIT0104","volume-title":"Meaning and Mind: A Study in the Psychology of Language","author":"Terwilliger R. F.","year":"1968"},{"key":"CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.84.4.327"},{"key":"CIT0106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/0198244274.001.0001"},{"key":"CIT0107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/095281396147375"},{"key":"CIT0108","volume-title":"The Rationality Model and Students' Misconceptions","author":"Wu P.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0109","volume-title":"Evolutionary Epistemology and its Implications","author":"Wuketits F. M.","year":"1990"}],"container-title":["Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/095281396147393","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,22]],"date-time":"2023-04-22T17:16:44Z","timestamp":1682183804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/095281396147393"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/095281396147393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/095281396147393","relation":{},"ISSN":["0952-813X","1362-3079"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0952-813X","type":"print"},{"value":"1362-3079","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1996,7]]}}}