{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T02:19:36Z","timestamp":1774577976130,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Technology Analysis &amp; Strategic Management"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/09537320802292768","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,8,26]],"date-time":"2008-08-26T14:44:59Z","timestamp":1219761899000},"page":"575-592","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":331,"title":["\u2018Legitimation\u2019 and \u2018development of positive externalities\u2019: two key processes in the formation phase of technological innovation systems"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Bergek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Link\u00f6ping University","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Jacobsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology","place":["Sweden"]}]},{"given":"Bj\u00f6rn A.","family":"Sand\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chalmers University of Technology","place":["Sweden"]}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258740"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Alfsen K. and Eskeland G. 2007 . \u201c A broader palette: the role of technology in climate policy. Report to the Expert Group for Environmental Studies 2007:1 \u201d . Stockholm : Ministry of Finance ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09654319708720402"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.1.2.177"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","unstructured":"Bergek A. 2002 . \u201c Shaping and exploiting technological opportunities: the case of renewable energy technology in Sweden \u201d . G\u00f6teborg : Chalmers University of Technology . Ph.D. thesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","article-title":"under review. Levelling the playing field? The influence of national wind power instruments on local land-use planning practices in a Swedish county","author":"Bergek A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bergek , A. 2008 . under review. Levelling the playing field? The influence of national wind power instruments on local land-use planning practices in a Swedish county . Energy Policy ,","journal-title":"Energy Policy"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-2720-0_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2007.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Innovation policy, theory and practice. An international handbook","author":"Bergek A.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bergek , A. , Jacobsson , S. , Hekkert , M. and Smith , K. 2008b . \u201c Functionality of innovation systems as a rationale and guide in innovation policy \u201d . In Innovation policy, theory and practice. An international handbook , Edited by: Smits , R. , Kuhlmann , S. and Shapira , P. Cheltenham : Elgar Publishers . in press, forthcoming"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: toward a theory of sociotechnical change","author":"Bijker W. E.","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bijker , W. E. 1995 . Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs: toward a theory of sociotechnical change , Cambridge, MA : MIT Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Technology and the wealth of nations","author":"Carlsson B.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Carlsson , B. and Jacobsson , S. 1993 . \u201c Technological systems and economic performance: the diffusion of factory automation in Sweden \u201d . In Technology and the wealth of nations , Edited by: Foray , D. and Freeman , C. 77 \u2013 94 . London : Pinter ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6133-0_11","volume-title":"Technological systems and industrial dynamics","author":"Carlsson B.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Carlsson , B. and Jacobsson , S. 1997 . \u201c In search of a useful technology policy \u2013 general lessons and key issues for policy makers \u201d . In Technological systems and industrial dynamics , Edited by: Carlsson , B. 299 \u2013 315 . Boston : Kluwer Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01224915"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/6.1.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","article-title":"Ved kan inte ers\u00e4tta k\u00e4rnkraft. Biobr\u00e4nslen kan ers\u00e4tta annan energi men bara marginellt bidra till elproduktion","volume":"17","author":"Carroll G.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carroll , G. 1996 . Ved kan inte ers\u00e4tta k\u00e4rnkraft. Biobr\u00e4nslen kan ers\u00e4tta annan energi men bara marginellt bidra till elproduktion . Dagens Nyheter , 17 October","journal-title":"Dagens Nyheter"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.46.10.1300.12276"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","unstructured":"David P. A. 1988 . \u201c Path dependence: putting the past into the future of economics \u201d . Stanford University . Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences Technical Report 533"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1476127004040913"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(82)90016-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-6133-0_8","volume-title":"Technological systems and industrial dynamics","author":"Eliasson G.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Eliasson , G. 1997 . \u201c General purpose technologies, industrial competence and economic growth \u201d . In Technological systems and industrial dynamics , Edited by: Carlsson , B. 201 \u2013 53 . Boston : Kluwer Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511559952"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"342","volume-title":"Systems of innovation","author":"Galli R.","year":"1997","unstructured":"Galli , R. and Teubal , M. 1997 . \u201c Paradigmatic shifts in national innovation systems \u201d . In Systems of innovation , Edited by: Edquist , C. 342 \u2013 70 . London : Pinter ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537320600777143"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(02)00062-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2004.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","unstructured":"Hellsmark H. 2004 . \u201c Incumbents versus new entrants in the exploitation of renewable energy technologies \u201d . G\u00f6teborg : Department of Industrial Dynamics Chalmers University of Technology . mimeo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJAP.2008.019689"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","volume-title":"Networks of power \u2013 electrification in Western society 1880\u20131930","author":"Hughes T. P.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Hughes , T. P. 1983 . Networks of power \u2013 electrification in Western society 1880\u20131930 , Baltimore, MD : The Johns Hopkins University Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology","author":"Hughes T. P.","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hughes , T. P. 1987 . \u201c The evolution of large technological systems \u201d . In The social construction of technological systems: new directions in the sociology and history of technology , Edited by: Hughes , T. P. , Bijker , W. E. and Pinch , T. Cambridge, MA : MIT Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2007.12.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/dth032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00041-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"Technology and the market: demand, users and innovation","author":"Jacobsson S.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Jacobsson , S. and Johnson , A. 2001 . \u201c Inducement and blocking mechanisms in the development of a new industry: the case of renewable energy technology in Sweden \u201d . In Technology and the market: demand, users and innovation , Edited by: Coombs , R. , Green , K. , Walsh , V. and Richards , A. Cheltenham : Edward Elgar ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0953732032000199061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","unstructured":"Johnson A. 1998 . \u201c Functions in innovation system approaches \u201d . G\u00f6teborg : Department of Industrial Dynamics Chalmers University of Technology . mimeo"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","volume-title":"Electronic paper at the Nelson and Winter conference","author":"Johnson A.","unstructured":"Johnson , A. Functions in innovation system approaches . Electronic paper at the Nelson and Winter conference . June 2001 , Aalborg. Denmark"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.eg.17.110192.002253","article-title":"Redirecting power: Swedish nuclear power policies in historical perspective","volume":"17","author":"Kaiser A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kaiser , A. 1992 . Redirecting power: Swedish nuclear power policies in historical perspective . Annual Review of Energy Environment , 17 : 437 \u2013 62 .","journal-title":"Annual Review of Energy Environment"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537329808524310"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3102759"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","volume-title":"Principles of economics","author":"Marshall A.","year":"1890","unstructured":"Marshall , A. 1890 . Principles of economics , 8 , London : Macmillan and Co .","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Economic theory and underdeveloped regions","author":"Myrdal G.","year":"1957","unstructured":"Myrdal , G. 1957 . Economic theory and underdeveloped regions , London : Ducksworth ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","volume-title":"Dynamics of technological innovation systems: the case of biomass energy","author":"Negro S. O.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Negro , S. O. 2007 . Dynamics of technological innovation systems: the case of biomass energy , Utrecht : Copernicus Institute for Sustainable Development and Innovation ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2006.01.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258610"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","volume-title":"Paper presented at the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy conference","author":"Palmblad L.","unstructured":"Palmblad , L. , Jacobsson , S. , Hall , M. and Sand\u00e9n , B. A. Dynamics of the Swedish PV innovation system \u2013 the impact of a recent market formation programme . Paper presented at the 21st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy conference . September 4\u20138 2006 , Dresden."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(96)00916-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-11336-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","first-page":"197","volume-title":"On competition","author":"Porter M.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Porter , M. 1998 . \u201c Clusters and competition. New agendas for companies, governments and institutions \u201d . In On competition , Edited by: Porter , M. 197 \u2013 287 . Boston, MA : Harvard Business Review Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0883-9026(03)00036-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","unstructured":"Raven R. 2005 . \u201c Strategic niche management for biomass \u201d . Centre for Innovation Studies Eindhoven University . PhD thesis"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/3.3.655"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13501768880000051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.solener.2004.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5172\/impp.2004.6.2.316","article-title":"Technology path assessment for sustainable technology development","volume":"6","author":"Sand\u00e9n B. A.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sand\u00e9n , B. A. 2006 . Technology path assessment for sustainable technology development . Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice , 6 : 316 \u2013 30 .","journal-title":"Innovation: Management, Policy and Practice"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2004.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","unstructured":"Sand\u00e9n B. A. and Jonasson K. M. 2005 . \u201c Variety creation growth and selection dynamics in the early phases of a technological transition: the development of alternative transport fuels in Sweden 1974\u20132004 \u201d . G\u00f6teborg : Chalmers University of Technology . ESA report 2005:13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1884852"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Handel med certifikat. Ett nytt s\u00e4tt att fr\u00e4mja el fr\u00e5n f\u00f6rnybara energik\u00e4llor","author":"SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar)","year":"2001","unstructured":"SOU (Statens Offentliga Utredningar) . 2001 . Handel med certifikat. Ett nytt s\u00e4tt att fr\u00e4mja el fr\u00e5n f\u00f6rnybara energik\u00e4llor , Stockholm : Statens Offentliga Utredningar ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","volume-title":"The economics of climate change \u2013 the Stern review","author":"Stern N.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Stern , N. 2006 . The economics of climate change \u2013 the Stern review , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/258788"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","unstructured":"Swedish Government . 2002 . \u201c Prop. 2001\/02:143: Samverkan f\u00f6r en trygg effektiv och milj\u00f6v\u00e4nlig energif\u00f6rs\u00f6rjning (Collaboration for a safe efficient and environment-friendly energy supply) \u201d . Government bill . March 2002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","unstructured":"Teppo T. 2006 . \u201c Financing clean energy market creation \u2013 clean energy ventures venture capitalists and other investors \u201d . Helsinki : University of Technology . Doctoral Dissertation Series 2006\/1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","volume-title":"A framework for cluster-based economic development policies","author":"Turner R. C.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Turner , R. C. 2001 . A framework for cluster-based economic development policies , New York : The Nelson A. Rockefeller Institute of Government ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-4215(00)00070-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","volume-title":"Mastering the dynamics of innovation","author":"Utterback J. M.","year":"1994","unstructured":"Utterback , J. M. 1994 . Mastering the dynamics of innovation , Boston : Harward Business School Press ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"A framework for understanding the emergence of new industries, research on technological innovation","volume":"4","author":"Van de Ven A.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Van de Ven , A. and Garud , R. 1989 . A framework for understanding the emergence of new industries, research on technological innovation . Management and Society , 4 : 195 \u2013 225 .","journal-title":"Management and Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-9026(93)90028-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","volume-title":"The dynamics of expectations in technological development","author":"Van Lente H.","year":"1993","unstructured":"Van Lente , H. 1993 . \u201c Promising technology \u201d . In The dynamics of expectations in technological development , Edited by: Rip , A. Twente : Universiteit Twente ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Science and technology policy","author":"Wenk E.","year":"1977","unstructured":"Wenk , E. and Kuehn , T. J. 1977 . \u201c Interinstitutional networks in technological delivery systems \u201d . In Science and technology policy , Edited by: Haberer , J. 153 \u2013 75 . Lexington : Lexington Books ."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4134387"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.13.080187.002303"}],"container-title":["Technology Analysis &amp; Strategic Management"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09537320802292768","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,12]],"date-time":"2026-02-12T14:02:19Z","timestamp":1770904939000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/09537320802292768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/09537320802292768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09537320802292768","relation":{},"ISSN":["0953-7325","1465-3990"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0953-7325","type":"print"},{"value":"1465-3990","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}