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Participants were 825 current heroin users recruited from Sydney, Adelaide and Melbourne: 277 entering methadone\/buprenorphine maintenance treatment (MT), 288 entering detoxification (DTX), 180 entering drug\u2010free residential rehabilitation (RR) and 80 not in treatment (NT). Treatment entrants were generally long\u2010term heroin users with previous treatment experience. The majority of the sample (55%) were criminally active in the month preceding interview. Injection\u2010related health problems (74%) and a history of heroin overdose (58%) were commonly reported. There were high degrees of psychiatric co\u2010morbidity, with 49% reporting severe psychological distress, 28% having current major depression, 37% having attempted suicide and 42% having a lifetime history of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder. Personality disorders were also prevalent, with 72% meeting criteria for antisocial personality disorder and 47% screening positive for borderline personality disorder. Striking similarities were noted between the non\u2010treatment and treatment groups in length of heroin use career, drug use and treatment histories.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500286039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,31]],"date-time":"2006-01-31T20:44:05Z","timestamp":1138740245000},"page":"411-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":199,"title":["The characteristics of heroin users entering treatment: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"JOANNE","family":"ROSS","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MAREE","family":"TEESSON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"SHANE","family":"DARKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHAEL","family":"LYNSKEY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ROBERT","family":"ALI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ALISON","family":"RITTER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RICHARD","family":"COOKE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Extended annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union 1999","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.2000.tb139321.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","volume-title":"The burden of disease and injury in Australia","author":"Mathers C.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00132.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00117-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","volume-title":"Opioid overdose deaths in Australia 2001","author":"Degenhardt L.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.5.851"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9422216.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v13n03_01"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290020027006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790340059009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-7358(99)00028-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(95)00025-Z"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.148.5.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.1.53"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830130077015"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","volume-title":"Drug abuse treatment. 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