{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T01:19:50Z","timestamp":1792718390288,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,1]],"date-time":"2006-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1162339200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":940,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600944529","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,11,28]],"date-time":"2006-11-28T15:10:53Z","timestamp":1164726653000},"page":"611-624","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":240,"title":["A review of the efficacy and effectiveness of harm reduction strategies for alcohol, tobacco and illicit drugs"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"ALISON","family":"RITTER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JACQUI","family":"CAMERON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB1|cit1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239500185361","article-title":"Harm reduction: what it is and is not","volume":"14","author":"Erickson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB2|cit2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Harm reduction: national and international perspectives","author":"Riley","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB3|cit3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239500185371","article-title":"Defining harm reduction","volume":"14","author":"Single","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB4|cit4","first-page":"129","volume-title":"Drug use in Australia: preventing harm","author":"Hamilton","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB5|cit5","unstructured":"Hunt N. A review of the evidence-base for harm reduction approaches to drug use. Forward thinking on drugs 2003 http:www.forward-thinking-on-drugs.orgreview2-print.html"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB6|cit6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239800187011","article-title":"The definition of harm reduction","volume":"17","author":"Lenton","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB7|cit7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239500185431","article-title":"Groundwork for a research programme on harm reduction in alcohol and drug treatment","volume":"1","author":"Heather","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB8|cit8","volume-title":"How to use the evidence: assessment and application of scientific evidence","author":"National Health and Medical Council of Australia","year":"2000"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB9|cit9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192632616.001.0001","volume-title":"Alcohol: No ordinary commodity: research and public policy","author":"Babor","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB10|cit10","volume-title":"Drinking and public disorder","author":"Marsh","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB11|cit11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a014152","article-title":"A top night out: social protest, masculinity, and the culture of drinking violence","volume":"37","author":"Tomsen","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Criminol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB12|cit12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269202200315","article-title":"Public drinking and violence: not just an alcohol problem","volume":"22","author":"Homel","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB13|cit13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269802800401","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the ugly\u2019: responses by security staff to aggressive incidents in public drinking settings","volume":"28","author":"Wells","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB14|cit14","first-page":"1","article-title":"The prediction and prevention of violence in pubs and clubs","volume":"3","author":"Homel","year":"1994","journal-title":"Crime Prev Stud"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB15|cit15","volume-title":"An evaluation of the local government safety action projects in Cairns, Townsville and Mackay. Report to the Queensland Department of Health, the Queensland Police Service and the Criminology Research Council","author":"Hauritz","year":"1998"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB16|cit16","first-page":"35","article-title":"Preventing alcohol-related crime through community action: the Surfers Paradise safety action project","volume":"7","author":"Homel","year":"1997","journal-title":"Crime Prev Stud"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB17|cit17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.6.1.36","article-title":"Effectiveness of toughened glassware in terms of reducing injury in bars: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"6","author":"Warburton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Injury Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB18|cit18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088809085113","article-title":"The effectiveness of drinking-driving treatment programs: a critical review","volume":"23","author":"Foon","year":"1988","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB19|cit19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-4575(83)90029-5","article-title":"A critical review on the effectiveness of drink-driving rehabilitation programs","volume":"15","author":"Mann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB20|cit20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1995.tb03500.x","article-title":"Final results from a meta-analysis of remedial interventions with drink\/drive offenders","volume":"90","author":"Wells-Parker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB21|cit21","volume-title":"Best practices for alcohol interlock programs","author":"Beirness","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB22|cit22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.006346","article-title":"Tobacco harm reduction: what do the experts think","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB23|cit23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239996518","article-title":"Opportunities for harm minimization in tobacco control","volume":"18","author":"Borland","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"suppl. 2","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB24|cit24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S61","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000032825","article-title":"Tobacco harm reduction: promise and perils","volume":"4","author":"Warner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB25|cit25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.2.189","article-title":"Clearing the smoke: the science base for tobacco harm reduction- executive summary","volume":"10","author":"Stratton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"suppl. 2","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB26|cit26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S53","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000032834","article-title":"Harm reduction or harm maintenance","volume":"4","author":"Pierce","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"suppl. 2","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB27|cit27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000032861","article-title":"Tobacco harm reduction: a call to address the ethical dilemmas","volume":"4","author":"Fox","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB28|cit28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2003.004242","article-title":"Community tobacco control leaders' perceptions of harm reduction","volume":"13","author":"Joseph","year":"2004","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB29|cit29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01007.x","article-title":"Time to change attitudes to tobacco: product regulation over five years","volume":"100","author":"Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB30|cit30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230310001613985","article-title":"Where to for tobacco regulation: time for new approaches","volume":"22","author":"Liberman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"issue":"suppl. 2","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB31|cit31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S113","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000032717","article-title":"Tobacco harm reduction: conceptual structure and nomenclature for analysis and research","volume":"4","author":"Shiffman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB32|cit32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.12.3.317","article-title":"Tobacco specific nitrosamines and potential reduced exposure products for smokers: a preliminary evaluation of Advance","volume":"12","author":"Breland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"issue":"suppl. 2","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB33|cit33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S141","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220021000032771","article-title":"Long-term effects of the Eclipse cigarette substitute and the nicotine inhaler in smokers not interested in quitting","volume":"4","author":"Fagerstrom","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB34|cit34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1097\/01.hjr.0000114971.39211.d7","article-title":"Is smokeless tobacco a risk factor for coronary heart disease? A systematic review of epidemio-logical studies","volume":"11","author":"Critchley","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehab"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB35|cit35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"966","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67352-7","article-title":"Mixed feelings on snus","volume":"366","author":"Gray","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB36|cit36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.10.3.253","article-title":"Swedish Match Company, Swedish snus and public health: a harm reduction experiment in progress","volume":"10","author":"Henningfield","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tob Control"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB37|cit37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1080\/1462220042000274248","article-title":"A long-term view of harm reduction","volume":"6","author":"Gray","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB38|cit38","volume-title":"Preventing HIV transmission: the role of sterile needles and bleach","author":"Normand","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB39|cit39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199712150-00014","article-title":"Reductions in high-risk drug use behaviors among participants in the Baltimore needle exchange program","volume":"16","author":"Vlahov","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB40|cit40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03510260047027","article-title":"Syringe and needle exchange as HIV\/AIDS prevention for injection drug users","volume":"271","author":"Watters","year":"1994","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB41|cit41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02125.x","article-title":"Evaluation of syringe-exchange for HIV prevention among injecting drug users in rural and urban areas of Wales","volume":"8","author":"Keene","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB42|cit42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02081.x","article-title":"Discriminating needle exchange attenders from non-attenders","volume":"88","author":"Frischer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB43|cit43","first-page":"143","article-title":"Syringe exchanges: a public health response to problem drug use","volume":"98","author":"Cox","year":"2005","journal-title":"Irish Med J"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB44|cit44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200003310-00015","article-title":"The effect of syringe exchange use on high-risk injection drug users: a cohort study","volume":"14","author":"Bluthenthal","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB45|cit45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9569319.x","article-title":"Factors associated with injecting risk behaviour among serial community-wide samples of injecting drug users in Glasgow 1990-94: implications for control and prevention of blood-borne viruses","volume":"95","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB46|cit46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02386747","article-title":"Changes in injection risk behavior associated with participation in the Seattle needle-exchange program","volume":"77","author":"Hagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB47|cit47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200210010-00015","article-title":"Two- to sixfold decreased odds of HIV risk behavior associated with use of syringe exchange","volume":"31","author":"Gibson","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB48|cit48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200309010-00010","article-title":"The use of needle exchange by young injection drug users","volume":"34","author":"Bailey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acqir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB49|cit49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200106010-00015","article-title":"Investigation of a secondary syringe exchange program for homeless young adult injection drug users in San Francisco, California, U.S.A","volume":"27","author":"Sears","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB50|cit50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1004398707484","article-title":"The effectiveness of educational and needle exchange programs: a meta-analysis of HIV prevention strategies for injecting drug users","volume":"3","author":"Cross","year":"1998","journal-title":"Quality Quantity"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB51|cit51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.15.4.257.23828","article-title":"A meta-analysis of needle sharing, lending, and borrowing behaviors of needle exchange program attenders","volume":"15","author":"Ksobiech","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB52|cit52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)02536-6","article-title":"HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes","volume":"348","author":"Jarlais","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB53|cit53","first-page":"163","article-title":"HIV prevalence among intravenous drug users: model-based estimates from New Haven's legal needle exchange","volume":"5","author":"Kaplan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB54|cit54","first-page":"75","article-title":"The role of needle exchange programs in HIV prevention","volume":"113","author":"Vlahov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB55|cit55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200009010-00009","article-title":"Prevention of HIV infection in street-recruited injection drug users","volume":"25","author":"Monterroso","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB56|cit56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540152029936","article-title":"Trends in HCV prevalence among injecting drug users in Glasgow and Edinburgh during the era of needle\/syringe exchange","volume":"33","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB57|cit57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00071-3","article-title":"The impact of an HIV prevention intervention for injecting drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus: model predictions","volume":"13","author":"Vickerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB58|cit58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(03)00133-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of needle and syringe programmes for preventing HIV transmission","volume":"14","author":"MacDonald","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB59|cit59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X0102100502","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of harm reduction in preventing hepatitis C among injection drug users","volume":"21","author":"Pollack","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med Decis Making"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB60|cit60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg033","article-title":"The impact of needle-exchange programs on the spread of HIV among injection drug users: a simulation study","volume":"80","author":"Raboud","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB61|cit61","volume-title":"Return on investment in needle and syringe programs in Australia","author":"Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing","year":"2002"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB62|cit62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S126","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199802001-00021","article-title":"An economic analysis of needle exchange and pharmacy-based programs to increase sterile syringe availability for injection drug users","volume":"18","author":"Lurie","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB63|cit63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S133","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199802001-00022","article-title":"Cost and cost-effectiveness of increasing access to sterile syringes and needles as an HIV prevention intervention in the United States","volume":"18","author":"Holtgrave","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB64|cit64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200111010-00012","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of syringe exchange as an HIV prevention strategy","volume":"28","author":"Laufer","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB65|cit65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1300\/J045v11n04_03","article-title":"A benefit-cost analysis of syringe exchange programs","volume":"11","author":"Reid","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Health Soc Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB66|cit66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089509104419","article-title":"Syringe exchange: HIV prevention, key findings, and future directions","volume":"30","author":"Paone","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int J Addict"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB67|cit67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.5.356","article-title":"Large decline in injecting drug use in Amsterdam, 1986-1998: explanatory mechanisms and determinants of injecting transitions","volume":"55","author":"Ameijden","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Commun Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB68|cit68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200306010-00014","article-title":"Needle exchange and injection drug use frequency: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"33","author":"Fisher","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB69|cit69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199904160-00022","article-title":"The message not heard: myth and reality in discussions about syringe exchange","volume":"13","author":"Friedman","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB70|cit70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-199205000-00021","article-title":"Impact of a needle exchange program on potentially infectious syringes in public places","volume":"5","author":"Oliver","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"suppl. 6","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB71|cit71","article-title":"Impact of increased syringe access: preliminary findings on injection drug user syringe source, disposal, and pharmacy sales in Harlem, New York","volume":"42","author":"Fuller","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Am Pharm Assoc"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB72|cit72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.6.936","article-title":"The effect of a needle exchange program on numbers of discarded needles: a 2-year follow-up","volume":"90","author":"Doherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB73|cit73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.2307\/3097161","article-title":"Termination of an established needle-exchange: a study of claims and their impact","volume":"46","author":"Broadhead","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc Prob"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB74|cit74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00606.x","article-title":"Blood-borne viruses and their survival in the environment: is public concern about community needlestick exposures justified","volume":"27","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aust NZ J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB75|cit75","first-page":"1933","article-title":"Trends in crime and the introduction of a needle exchange program","volume":"9","author":"Marx","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB76|cit76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200111010-00014","article-title":"Needle exchange programs and experience of violence in an inner city neighborhood","volume":"28","author":"Galea","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB77|cit77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F59","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199708000-00001","article-title":"Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study","volume":"11","author":"Strathdee","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB78|cit78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009240","article-title":"High rates of HIV infection among injection drug users participating in needle exchange programs in Montreal: results of a cohort study","volume":"146","author":"Bruneau","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB79|cit79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199904160-00002","article-title":"Do needle exchange programmes increase the spread of HIV among injection drug users?: an investigation of the Vancouver outbreak","volume":"13","author":"Schechter","year":"1999","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB80|cit80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02350966","article-title":"Volunteer bias in nonrandomized evaluations of the efficacy of needle-exchange programs","volume":"77","author":"Hagan","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB81|cit81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00109-X","article-title":"Evaluating effectiveness of syringe exchange programmes: current issues and future prospects","volume":"51","author":"Bastos","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB82|cit82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02386746","article-title":"Drug injection rates and needle-exchange use in New York City, 1991-1996","volume":"77","author":"Marmor","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB83|cit83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200107270-00002","article-title":"Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users","volume":"1","author":"Gibson","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB84|cit84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.25759","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection and needle exchange use among young injection drug users in San Francisco","volume":"34","author":"Hahn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB85|cit85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9645978.x","article-title":"Unsafe injecting practices among attendees of syringe exchange programmes in France","volume":"96","author":"Valenciano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB86|cit86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200212060-00022","article-title":"Sustained increase in the sharing of needles and syringes among drug users in England and Wales","volume":"16","author":"Hope","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB87|cit87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200204120-00021","article-title":"Factors associated with persistent high-risk syringe sharing in the presence of an established needle exchange programme","volume":"16","author":"Wood","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB88|cit88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971920497","article-title":"Determinants of HIV seroconversion in injection drug users during a period of rising prevalence in Vancouver","volume":"8","author":"Patrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB89|cit89","first-page":"161","article-title":"Risk contexts and risk behaviors in the Euregion Maas-Rhein: the Boule de Neige intervention for AIDS prevention among drug users","volume":"9","author":"Franken","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB90|cit90","volume-title":"Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programming in reducing HIV\/AIDS among injecting drug users","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB91|cit91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.02.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of sterile needle and syringe programmes","volume":"16","author":"Wodak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB92|cit92","volume-title":"Evidence for action: effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV\/AIDs among injecting drug users","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB93|cit93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.02.009","article-title":"Effectiveness of community-based outreach in preventing HIV\/AIDS among injecting drug users","volume":"16","author":"Needle","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB94|cit94","first-page":"42","article-title":"Harnessing peer networks as an instrument for AIDS prevention: results from a peer-driven intervention","volume":"113","author":"Broadhead","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB95|cit95","first-page":"151","article-title":"Outreach in natural settings: the use of peer leaders for HIV prevention among injecting drug users' networks","volume":"113","author":"Latkin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB96|cit96","first-page":"19","article-title":"Outreach-based HIV prevention for injecting drug users: a review of published outcome data","volume":"113","author":"Coyle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB97|cit97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.22.4.332","article-title":"HIV prevention among drug users: outcome of a network-oriented peer outreach intervention","volume":"22","author":"Latkin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB98|cit98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203321605549","article-title":"Street outreach for HIV prevention: effectiveness of a state-wide programme","volume":"14","author":"Wendell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB99|cit99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg046","article-title":"Preventing HIV in injection drug users: choosing the best mix of interventions for the population","volume":"80","author":"Wilson","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB100|cit100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200006160-00024","article-title":"Cost-threshold analyses of the National AIDS Demonstration Research HIV prevention interventions","volume":"14","author":"Pinkerton","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB101|cit101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260203200113","article-title":"Safer injection facilities in North America: their place in public policy and health initiatives","volume":"32","author":"Broadhead","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB102|cit102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300311","article-title":"Safer injection sites in New York City: a utilization survey of injection drug users","volume":"33","author":"Broadhead","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB103|cit103","first-page":"405","article-title":"Unsafe injection practices in a cohort of injection drug users in Vancouver: could safer injecting rooms help","volume":"165","author":"Wood","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB104|cit104","first-page":"436","article-title":"Safe injection facilities in Canada: Is it time","volume":"165","author":"Kerr","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB105|cit105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/095952301000116951","article-title":"Drug consumption facilities: an update since 2000","volume":"2","author":"Kimber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB106|cit106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1080\/713659379","article-title":"Drug consumption facilities in Europe and the establishment of supervised injecting centres in Australia","volume":"19","author":"Dolan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB107|cit107","volume-title":"Final report on the evaluation of the Sydney Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MISC) Evaluation Committee","author":"Medically Supervised Injecting Centre (MSIC)","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB108|cit108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66475-6","article-title":"Safer injection facility use and syringe sharing in injection drug users","volume":"366","author":"Kerr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB109|cit109","volume-title":"Six month process evaluation report on the medically supervised injecting centre MSIC","author":"Mattick","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB110|cit110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300305","article-title":"The Sydney medically supervised injecting centre: a clinical model","volume":"33","author":"Beek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB111|cit111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300309","article-title":"Barcelona's safer injection facility-EVA: a harm reduction program lacking official support","volume":"33","author":"Anoro","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB112|cit112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7431.100","article-title":"Supervised injecting centres","volume":"328","author":"Wright","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB113|cit113","volume-title":"Injecting room up and running in Sydney","author":"Byrne","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB114|cit114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300308","article-title":"Drug consumption rooms in Hamburg, Germany: evaluation of the effects on harm reduction and the reduction of public nuisance","volume":"33","author":"Zurhold","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB115|cit115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040774","article-title":"Changes in public order after the opening of a medically supervised safer injecting facility for illicit injection drug users","volume":"172","author":"Wood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB116|cit116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00125-1","article-title":"Supervised injection rooms-prospects and limitations","volume":"13","author":"Hagan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB117|cit117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260303300307","article-title":"Drug consumption facilities in the Netherlands","volume":"33","author":"Wolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB118|cit118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1159\/000068807","article-title":"Drug consumption rooms in Rotterdam: an explorative description","volume":"9","author":"Poel","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB119|cit119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230412331289437","article-title":"Can drug injectors be encouraged to adopt non-injecting routes of administration (NIROA) for drugs","volume":"23","author":"Dolan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB120|cit120","unstructured":"Hunt N. Derricott J. Preston A. Stillwell G. Preventing initiation into injecting Exchange Campaigns\/Department of Health Website, 2001 www.exchangesupplies.orgcampaignmaterials"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB121|cit121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/09687639809006684","article-title":"Evaluation of a brief intervention to prevent initiation into injecting","volume":"5","author":"Hunt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB122|cit122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb01950.x","article-title":"AIDS and the transition to illicit drug injection-results of a randomized trial prevention program","volume":"87","author":"Jarlais","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br J Addict"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB123|cit123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(90)90031-K","article-title":"Working with heroin sniffers: clinical issues in preventing drug injection","volume":"7","author":"Casriel","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB124|cit124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239996310","article-title":"Preventing and curtailing injecting drug use: a review of opportunities for developing and delivering \u2018route transition interventions","volume":"1","author":"Hunt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB125|cit125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2005.02.006","article-title":"HIV\/AIDS and injecting drug use: information, education and communication","volume":"16","author":"Aggleton","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB126|cit126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00097-6","article-title":"The effects of psychiatric comorbidity on response to an HIV prevention intervention","volume":"58","author":"Compton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB127|cit127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022565524508","article-title":"HIV risk reduction among African-American women who inject drugs: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"Sterk","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"suppl. 1","key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB128|cit128","first-page":"31","article-title":"Peer-delivered interventions to reduce HIV risk behaviors among out-of-treatment drug abusers","volume":"113","author":"Cottler","year":"1998","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB129|cit129","first-page":"27","article-title":"Effects of a HIV risk reduction education program among injection drug users in Puerto Rico","volume":"12","author":"Colon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Puerto Rico Health Sci J"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB130|cit130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1025487501743","article-title":"A cognitive-behavioral intervention to reduce HIV risk behaviors in crack and injection drug users","volume":"7","author":"Hershberger","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB131|cit131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00809.x","article-title":"Randomized controlled trial of a brief behavioural intervention for reducing hepatitis C virus risk practices among injecting drug users","volume":"99","author":"Tucker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB132|cit132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.69.3.389","article-title":"Meta-analysis of HIV risk-reduction interventions within drug abuse treatment programs","volume":"69","author":"Prendergast","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB133|cit133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.5993\/AJHB.28.4.3","article-title":"Efficacy of computer-based HIV\/AIDS education for injection drug users","volume":"28","author":"Marsch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Health Behav"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB134|cit134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120120057996","article-title":"Outcomes of a health education intervention in a sample of patients infected by HIV, most of them injection drug users: possibilities and limitations","volume":"13","author":"Martin","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB135|cit135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/00126334-200310010-00007","article-title":"Impact of an educational program on efficacy and adherence with a twice-daily lamivudine\/zidovudine\/abacavir regimen in underrepresented HIV-infected patients","volume":"34","author":"Rawlings","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB136|cit136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(01)00207-0","article-title":"A brief intervention for hazardous drinkers in a needle exchange program","volume":"22","author":"Stein","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB137|cit137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961217253.x","article-title":"The use of brief interventions adapted from motivational interviewing across behavioral domains: a systematic review","volume":"9","author":"Dunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB138|cit138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199302000-00014","article-title":"Evaluation of a cognitive behavioral intervention for HIV prevention among injecting drug-users","volume":"7","author":"Baker","year":"1993","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB139|cit139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129408258670","article-title":"Controlled evaluation of a brief intervention for HIV prevention among injecting drug-users not in treatment","volume":"6","author":"Baker","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB140|cit140","first-page":"95","article-title":"Psychoeduca-tional group approach: HIV risk reduction in drug users","volume":"6","author":"Sorensen","year":"1994","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB141|cit141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.13.1.91.18921","article-title":"Effects of a cognitive-behavioral HIV prevention intervention among HIV negative male substance abusers in VA residential treatment","volume":"13","author":"McMahon","year":"2001","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB142|cit142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00159-4","article-title":"Targeting HIV-related outcomes with intravenous drug users maintained on methadone: a randomized clinical trial of a harm reduction group therapy","volume":"26","author":"Avants","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Subst Abuse Treat"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB143|cit143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3109\/16066350109141763","article-title":"The context, management and prevention of heroin overdose in Victoria, Australia: the promise of a diverse approach","volume":"9","author":"Dietze","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB144|cit144","unstructured":"McGregor C. Hall K. Ali R. It's rarely just the \u2018h\u2019: addressing overdose among South Australian heroin users through a process of intersectoral collaboration. Monograph no. 2 (research series). South Australia: Drug and Alchohol Services Council 1999"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB145|cit145","unstructured":"Ali R. Pulling the strands together: an intersectoral approach to overdose amongst heroin users. Paper presented at the Preventing Heroin Overdose: Pragmatic Approaches, Seattle, USA 2000"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB146|cit146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523021000023162","article-title":"Potential impacts on the incidence of fatal heroin-related overdose in Western Australia: a time -series analysis","volume":"21","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB147|cit147","volume-title":"Naloxone for overdose: consideration of a trial of naloxone provision for peer or worker administration in Victoria, Australia","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB148|cit148","volume-title":"The naloxone feasibility study: a study into the provision of naloxone hydrochloride, for peer administration, as an aid in the prevention of fatal heroin-related overdose","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB149|cit149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg032","article-title":"Attitudes about prescribing take-home naloxone to injection drug users for the management of heroin overdose: a survey of street-recruited injectors in the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"80","author":"Seal","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB150|cit150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(01)00080-9","article-title":"Legal aspects of providing naloxone to heroin users in the United States","volume":"12","author":"Burris","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB151|cit151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1080\/0968763031000072251","article-title":"A UK policy o \u2018take home naloxone\u2019 for opiate users-strategy or stalemate","volume":"10","author":"Oldham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drugs Educ Prev Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB152|cit152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000069082.26384.4a","article-title":"Policy from a harm reduction perspective","volume":"16","author":"Lenton","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB153|cit153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9421993.x","article-title":"Preventing opiate overdose fatalities with take-home naloxone: pre-launch study of possible impact and acceptability","volume":"94","author":"Strang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB154|cit154","unstructured":"Dettmer K. Naloxone distribution to drug addicts as a contribution to the prevention of opiate overdose fatalities. Paper presented at the Preventing Heroin Overdose: Pragmatic Approaches, Seattle, USA 2000"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB155|cit155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.322.7291.895","article-title":"Take home naloxone and the prevention of deaths from opiate overdose: two pilot schemes","volume":"322","author":"Dettmer","year":"2001","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB156|cit156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(01)00063-9","article-title":"Harm reduction-a historical view from the left","volume":"12","author":"Friedman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB157|cit157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269502500306","article-title":"A history of peer-based drug-user groups in Australia","volume":"25","author":"Crofts","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB158|cit158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.01.003","article-title":"Harm reduction by a \u2018user-run\u2019 organization: a case study of the Vancouver Area Network of Drug Users (VANDU)","volume":"17","author":"Kerr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB159|cit159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1300\/J045v17n01_02","article-title":"DanceSafe and ecstasy: protection or promotion","volume":"17","author":"Dundes","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Health Social Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB160|cit160","volume-title":"An inventory of on-site pill-testing interventions in the EU","author":"Kriener","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB161|cit161","unstructured":"Kriener H. Schmid R. Check your pills. Check your life. ChEck iT! High quality on-site testing of illicit substances. Information, counselling and safer use measures at raves in Austria 2005 http:www.drugtext.orglibraryarticleskriener.htm"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB162|cit162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100000227","article-title":"Monitoring synethetic drug markets, trends, and public health","volume":"36","author":"Spruit","year":"2001","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB163|cit163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269902900313","article-title":"Ecstasy use at large-scale dance events in the Netherlands","volume":"29","author":"Wijngaart","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB164|cit164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96811397.x","article-title":"Ecstasy pill testing: harm minimization gone too far","volume":"96","author":"Winstock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB165|cit165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1397","article-title":"Effects of HIV counseling and testing on sexual risk behavior: a meta-analytic review of published research, 1985-1997","volume":"8","author":"Weinhardt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB166|cit166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.82.4.573","article-title":"Ineffectiveness of AIDS education and HIV antibody testing in reducing high-risk behaviors among injection drug users","volume":"82","author":"Calsyn","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB167|cit167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2419","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470170107033","article-title":"Evidence for the effects of HIV antibody counselling and testing on risk behaviour","volume":"266","author":"Higgins","year":"1991","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB168|cit168","first-page":"52","article-title":"The effects of HIV counseling and testing on risk-related practices and help-seeking behavior","volume":"9","author":"Wolitski","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB169|cit169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.84.2.275","article-title":"Injecting risk behavior among drug users in Amsterdam, 1986 to 1992, and its relationship to AIDS prevention programs","volume":"84","author":"Ameijden","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB170|cit170","volume-title":"New Zealand needle and syringe exchange programme review","author":"Aitken","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB171|cit171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidanapathirana J. Abramson MJ Forbes A. Fairley C. Mass media interventions for promoting HIV testing The Cochrane Collaboration 2005 3","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004775.pub2"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB172|cit172","volume-title":"Supply, demand and harm reduction in Australian prisons-implementation, cost and evaluation","author":"Black","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB173|cit173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00309.x","article-title":"Prison-based syringe exchange programmes: a review of international research and development","volume":"98","author":"Dolan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB174|cit174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462981920991","article-title":"A lasting public health response to an outbreak of HIV infection in a Scottish prison","volume":"9","author":"Goldberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB175|cit175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(00)00050-5","article-title":"The transfer of harm-reduction strategies into prisons: needle exchange programmes in two German prisons","volume":"11","author":"Jacob","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB176|cit176","unstructured":"Nelles J. Fuhrer A. Vincenz I. Drug, HIV, and hepatitis prevention in the Realta Cantonal Men's prison: summary of the evaluation. Unpublished report 1999"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB177|cit177","volume-title":"Evidence for Action on HIV\/AIDS and injecting drug use","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB178|cit178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000196176.65551.a3","article-title":"Relationships of deterrence and law enforcement to drug-related harms among drug injectors in US metropolitan areas","volume":"20","author":"Friedman","year":"2006","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB179|cit179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754272","volume-title":"Drug war heresies: learning from other vices, times, and places","author":"MacCoun","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB180|cit180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269702700108","article-title":"A tale of two countries: attempts to control HIV among injecting drug users in Australia and the United States","volume":"27","author":"Wodak","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB181|cit181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)00435-V","article-title":"AIDS and injecting drug use in the United Kingdom, 1987-1993: the policy response and the prevention of the epidemic","volume":"41","author":"Stimson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB182|cit182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(98)00056-5","article-title":"Harm reduction in action: putting theory into practice","volume":"9","author":"Stimson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB183|cit183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/09595239500185381","article-title":"Harm reduction in Australia: has it worked? A review","volume":"14","author":"Hawks","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB184|cit184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2307\/3342618","article-title":"Drugs, communities, and \u2018harm reduction\u2019 in Germany: the new relevance of \u2018public health\u2019 principles in local responses","volume":"1","author":"Fischer","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Public Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB185|cit185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120050123855","article-title":"A continuing concern: HIV and hepatitis testing and prevalence among drug users in substitution programmes in Zurich, Switzerland","volume":"12","author":"Somaini","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB186|cit186","first-page":"158","article-title":"Informed altruism\u2019 and \u2018partner restriction\u2019 in the reduction of HIV infection in injecting drug users entering detoxification treatment in New York City, 1990-2001","volume":"35","author":"Jarlais","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB187|cit187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00899.x","article-title":"The cost-effectiveness of HIV preventive measures among injecting drug users in Svetlogorsk, Belarus","volume":"99","author":"Kumaranayake","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB188|cit188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009792","article-title":"Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses","volume":"149","author":"Hagan","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB189|cit189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02979.x","article-title":"Methadone maintenance and hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users","volume":"92","author":"Crofts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB190|cit190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1999.tb140325.x","article-title":"The force of numbers: why hepatitis C is spreading among Australian injecting drug users while HIV is not","volume":"170","author":"Crofts","year":"1999","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB191|cit191","first-page":"889","article-title":"Incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users during an outbreak of HIV infection","volume":"165","author":"Patrick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB192|cit192","volume-title":"Europeanisation of health policies: issues, challenges, innovations","author":"Bergeron","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1080\/09595230600944529-BIB193|cit193","volume-title":"Drugs: policy and politics","author":"Bergeron","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1080%2F09595230600944529","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1080%2F09595230600944529","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/wol1\/doi\/10.1080\/09595230600944529\/fullpdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,8]],"date-time":"2024-02-08T10:32:31Z","timestamp":1707388351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1080\/09595230600944529"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09595230600944529","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0959-5236"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0959-5236","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2006,11]]}}}