{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:55:01Z","timestamp":1789624501838,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":514,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic><jats:bold>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>. Despite increasing HIV prevalence in cities along the Mexico \u2013 US border, HIV testing among high\u2010risk populations remains low. We sought to identify barriers associated with HIV testing among injection drug users (IDUs) in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, the two largest Mexican border cities located across from San Diego, California and El Paso, Texas, respectively. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Design and Methods<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>. In 2005, 222 IDUs in Tijuana and 205 IDUs in Ciudad Juarez were recruited by respondent\u2010driven sampling and administered a questionnaire to collect socio\u2010demographic, behavioural and HIV testing history data. Blood samples were provided for serological testing of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV) and syphilis. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>. Only 38% and 30% of respondents in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, respectively, had ever had an HIV test. The factors independently associated with never having been tested for HIV differed between the two sites, except for lack of knowledge on HIV transmission, which was independently associated in both locales. Importantly, 65% of those who had never been tested for HIV in both cities experienced at least one missed opportunity for voluntary testing, including medical visits, drug treatment and spending time in jail. <jats:italic><jats:bold>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:bold><\/jats:italic>. Among this high\u2010risk IDU population we found HIV testing to be low, with voluntary testing in public and private settings utilised inadequately. These findings underscore the need to expand voluntary HIV education and testing and to integrate it into services and locales frequented by IDUs in these Mexico \u2013 US border cities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230701710845","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,11,23]],"date-time":"2007-11-23T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1195811443000},"page":"39-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Barriers and missed opportunities to HIV testing among injection drug users in two Mexico\u2013US border cities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"LAURA B.","family":"MOYER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KIMBERLEY C.","family":"BROUWER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"STEPHANIE K.","family":"BRODINE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"REBECA","family":"RAMOS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"REMEDIOS","family":"LOZADA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MICHELLE FIRESTONE","family":"CRUZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CARLOS","family":"MAGIS\u2010RODRIGUEZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"STEFFANIE A.","family":"STRATHDEE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS","author":"UNAIDS AIDS Epidemic Update","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Economic update on El Paso del Norte","volume":"2","author":"Coronado R.","year":"2001","journal-title":"El Paso Business Frontier"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","unstructured":"Secretaria de Salubridad y Asistencia (SSA).Encuesta nacional de adicciones 1998. 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