{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:11:47Z","timestamp":1760645507182},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:bold>. Since the 1990s illicit drug use death rates in Australia have increased markedly. There is a notable gap in knowledge about changing socio\u2010economic inequalities in drug use death rates. Some limited Australian and overseas data point to higher rates of drug death in the lowest socio\u2010economic groups, but the paucity of available studies and their sometimes conflicting findings need to be addressed. <jats:bold>Design and Methods<\/jats:bold>. This paper uses data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) to examine changes in age\u2010standardised drug\u2010induced mortality rates for Australian males over the period 1981 \u2013 2002. Socio\u2010economic status was categorised as manual or non\u2010manual work status. <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>. With the rapid increase in drug\u2010induced mortality rates in the 1990s, there was a parallel increase in socio\u2010economic inequalities in drug\u2010induced deaths. The decline in drug death rates from 2000 onwards was associated with a decline in socio\u2010economic inequalities. By 2002, manual workers had drug death rates well over twice the rate of non\u2010manual workers. <jats:bold>Discussion<\/jats:bold>. Three factors are identified which contribute to these socio\u2010economic inequalities in mortality. First, there has been an age shift in deaths evident only for manual workers. Secondly, there has been an increase in availability until 1999 and a relative decline in the cost of the drug, which most often leads to drug death (heroin). Thirdly, there has been a shift to amphetamine use which may lead to significant levels of morbidity, but few deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801956108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,12]],"date-time":"2008-05-12T17:58:26Z","timestamp":1210615106000},"page":"613-618","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Increasing socio\u2010economic inequalities in drug\u2010induced deaths in Australia: 1981 \u2013 2002"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"JAKE M.","family":"NAJMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GHASEM","family":"TOLOO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GAIL 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