{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T03:51:08Z","timestamp":1777607468578,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]],"date-time":"2009-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1243555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":209,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:bold>Introduction and Aims<\/jats:bold>. Recent data suggest increasing prescription opioid and decreasing heroin use among street drug users, yet little is known on possible differential use characteristics and outcomes associated with these drugs. [While we recognise that, correctly, these populations would need to be labelled as opioid \u2018abusers\u2019 or \u2018non\u2010medical users\u2019, we rely on the simpler terms \u2018use\u2019 and \u2018users\u2019 for the population under study within the wider context of them being engaged overall in illicit opioid use activities.] This study compared drug use, health, and socio\u2010economic characteristics between heroin (H)\u2010only, prescription opioid (PO)\u2010only and mixed heroin and prescription (PO&amp;H) users in a Canadian multi\u2010site cohort of illicit opioid and other drug users (OPICAN). <jats:bold>Design and Methods<\/jats:bold>. Data from the most recent (2005) multi\u2010component assessment of the H\u2010only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 94), PO\u2010only (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 304) and PO&amp;H (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 86) cohort sub\u2010samples were analysed. Based on bivariate analyses of variables of interest, a multinomial logistic regression analysis (MLRA) model was computed, comparing PO\u2010only and PO&amp;H groups to the H\u2010only reference group, respectively. <jats:bold>Results<\/jats:bold>. H\u2010only users were found in two of the seven study sites. Based on the MLRA, PO\u2010only and PO&amp;H users, compared to H\u2010only users, were more likely to: be older, use benzodiazepines and cocaine, use drop\u2010in shelters and less likely to use walk\u2010in clinics. PO\u2010only users were also more likely to: be white; receive legal income; use drugs by non\u2010injection; have physical health problems; and use private physician services. <jats:bold>Discussion and Conclusions<\/jats:bold>. Our study underscores the increasing prevalence of PO compared to heroin use in the study population. Differences between PO\u2010only and H\u2010only users were more pronounced than differences between PO\u2010only and PO&amp;H users. PO\u2010only use may be associated with lowered health risks and social burdens, yet concerns regarding polysubstance use and drug sourcing arise. Challenges for targeted interventions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230801956124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,5,12]],"date-time":"2008-05-12T17:58:26Z","timestamp":1210615106000},"page":"625-632","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Comparing heroin users and prescription opioid users in a Canadian multi\u2010site population of illicit opioid users"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"BENEDIKT","family":"FISCHER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JAYADEEP","family":"PATRA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"MICHELLE FIRESTONE","family":"CRUZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"JUDE","family":"GITTINS","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00dcRGEN","family":"REHM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","volume-title":"The American disease: Origins of narcotic control","author":"Musto D.","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","volume-title":"Panic and indifference \u2013 The politics of Canadas drug laws","author":"Giffen J.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2005.05024.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2004.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.02.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2004.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","volume-title":"Drug Abuse Warning Network, 2005: National estimates of drug\u2010related emergency department visits","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1276"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.060729"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490600625624"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.07.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","volume-title":"Canadian Rx atlas","author":"Morgan S.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04001.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01738.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","volume-title":"Narcotic drugs: Estimated world requirements for 2007: Statistics for 2005","author":"International Narcotics Control Board (INCB)","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.280.22.1936"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_2","volume-title":"Principles of drug addiction treatment: A research\u2010based guide","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05356-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_2","volume-title":"The drug situation 2006","author":"Royal Canadian Mounted Police","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_2","first-page":"165","article-title":"Impact of supply\u2010side policies for control of illicit drugs in the face of the AIDS and overdose epidemics: Investigation of a massive heroin seizure","volume":"168","author":"Wood E.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2004.04049.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pds.1293"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jti049"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_2","unstructured":"SPSS Inc. 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