{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T17:50:04Z","timestamp":1776189004604,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Information Systems"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/0960085x.2019.1581441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T17:51:49Z","timestamp":1552585909000},"page":"355-369","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Information as a difference: toward a subjective theory of information"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"28","author":[{"suffix":"Jr","given":"Earl H.","family":"McKinney","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and MIS, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Charles J.","family":"Yoos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technische Hochschule Deggendorf, Deggendorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","first-page":"3","volume":"16","author":"Ackoff R.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Systems Analysis"},{"key":"CIT0002","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12130-010-9097-5"},{"key":"CIT0003","volume-title":"Corporate information systems management","author":"Applegate L. M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"CIT0004","volume-title":"What is information? Tiptoeing towards the philosophy of information systems","author":"Artz J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"CIT0005","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148715"},{"key":"CIT0006","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjps\/IV.14.147"},{"key":"CIT0007","volume-title":"Situations and attitudes","author":"Barwise J.","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0008","volume-title":"Steps to an ecology of mind","author":"Bateson G.","year":"1973"},{"issue":"4","key":"CIT0009","first-page":"colis31","volume":"12","author":"Bawden D.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Information Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"CIT0010","first-page":"1","author":"Belanger F.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Advanced Topics in Information Resources Management"},{"key":"CIT0011","volume-title":"Multiple criteria decision analysis? An integrated approach","author":"Belton V.","year":"2001"},{"key":"CIT0012","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036527"},{"key":"CIT0013","volume-title":"The social construction of reality: A treatise in the sociology of knowledge","author":"Berger P.","year":"1966"},{"key":"CIT0014","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10283"},{"key":"CIT0016","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2008.11.001"},{"key":"CIT0017","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/isj.12148"},{"key":"CIT0018","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infoandorg.2016.11.002"},{"key":"CIT0020","first-page":"20","volume-title":"ECIS","author":"Boell S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"CIT0021","volume-title":"Critical issues in information systems research\u00a0(pp. 363-394)","author":"Boland R.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0022","first-page":"355","volume":"154","author":"Brier S.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Semiotica"},{"key":"CIT0023","volume-title":"Theory of information: Fundamentality, diversity and unification","author":"Burgin M.","year":"2010"},{"key":"CIT0024","volume-title":"Sociological paradigms and organisational analysis","volume":"248","author":"Burrell G.","year":"1979"},{"key":"CIT0025","volume-title":"Grammatical man, information, entropy, language, and life","author":"Campbell J.","year":"1982"},{"key":"CIT0026","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aris.1440370109"},{"key":"CIT0027","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/257090"},{"key":"CIT0028","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7506-6668-8.50008-0"},{"key":"CIT0029","volume-title":"Information, systems, and information systems","author":"Checkland P.","year":"1998"},{"key":"CIT0030","volume-title":"Soft systems methodology in action","author":"Checkland P.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0031","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148808"},{"key":"CIT0032","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.32.5.554"},{"key":"CIT0033","volume-title":"Knowledge and the flow of information","author":"Dretske F.","year":"1981"},{"key":"CIT0034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780199232383.001.0001"},{"key":"CIT0035","volume-title":"Dictionary of Computing","author":"Galland F.","year":"1982"},{"key":"CIT0036","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240411"},{"key":"CIT0037","volume-title":"The ecological theory of visual perception","author":"Gibson J.","year":"1979"},{"key":"CIT0038","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002224299105500401"},{"key":"CIT0039","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206310380250"},{"key":"CIT0040","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148742"},{"key":"CIT0041","volume-title":"The Oxford companion to the mind","author":"Gregory R.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326969ECO1502_4"},{"key":"CIT0043","volume-title":"Godel, escher, bach: An eternal golden braid","author":"Hofstader D.","year":"1970"},{"key":"CIT0044","volume-title":"The red book: Liber novus","author":"Jung C.","year":"2009"},{"key":"CIT0045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00242539510147728"},{"key":"CIT0046","volume-title":"Decision with multiple objectives","author":"Keeney R.","year":"1976"},{"key":"CIT0047","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2010.25"},{"key":"CIT0048","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.1120.0473"},{"key":"CIT0049","volume-title":"Managing information: Information systems for today\u2019s general manager","author":"Knight A.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0050","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Information: New questions to a multidisciplinary concept","author":"Kornwachs K.","year":"1996"},{"key":"CIT0051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148635"},{"key":"CIT0052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/MIS0742-1222240106"},{"key":"CIT0053","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226471013.001.0001"},{"key":"CIT0054","volume-title":"Philosophy in the flesh: The embodied mind and its challenge to western thought","author":"Lakoff G.","year":"1999"},{"key":"CIT0055","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.10182"},{"key":"CIT0056","volume-title":"Theoretical Analysis of Information Systems","author":"Langefors B.","year":"1973","edition":"4"},{"key":"CIT0057","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/jit.2010.24"},{"key":"CIT0058","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036537"},{"key":"CIT0059","volume-title":"The science of information","author":"Losee R. M.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0060","volume-title":"Social systems","author":"Luhmann N.","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3769.001.0001","volume-title":"Information, mechanism, and meaning","author":"Mackay D.","year":"1969"},{"key":"CIT0062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00220410410516626"},{"key":"CIT0063","volume-title":"Primer on decision making how decisions happen","author":"March J.","year":"1994"},{"key":"CIT0065","volume-title":"Information systems: A management perspective","author":"Martin C.","year":"1992"},{"key":"CIT0066","volume-title":"The global information society","author":"Martin W.","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0067","volume-title":"Gaia, a way of knowing \u00a0(pp. 65-82)","author":"Maturana H.","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-8947-4"},{"key":"CIT0069","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaccedu.2016.12.007"},{"key":"CIT0070","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.im.2003.10.006"},{"key":"CIT0071","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20721430"},{"key":"CIT0072","volume-title":"Phenomenology of Perception","author":"Merleau-Ponty M.","year":"1962"},{"key":"CIT0073","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0013773"},{"key":"CIT0074","author":"Mingers J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Journal of Information Technology"},{"key":"CIT0075","volume-title":"Between communication and information (Vol. 4, \u00a057-79)","author":"Mokros H.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0076","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amr.1980.4288947"},{"key":"CIT0077","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2015.07.005"},{"key":"CIT0078","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.3.3.398"},{"key":"CIT0079","volume-title":"The collected papers of charles sanders peirce","volume":"5","author":"Peirce C.","year":"1907"},{"key":"CIT0080","unstructured":"Poole, M. S., Keyton, J. & Frey, L. R. (1999). Group communication methodology. In L. R. Frey, D. S. Gouran, & M. S. Poole (Eds.),Handbook of Group Communication Theory and Research(pp. 92\u2013112). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications."},{"key":"CIT0081","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/isre.10.1.38"},{"key":"CIT0082","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2003.11045841"},{"key":"CIT0083","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/25148870"},{"key":"CIT0084","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/biot.2006.1.3.243"},{"key":"CIT0085","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6973-1_6"},{"key":"CIT0086","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2002.806785"},{"key":"CIT0087","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/ejis.2012.38"},{"key":"CIT0088","volume-title":"Principia mathematica","author":"Russell B.","year":"1913"},{"key":"CIT0090","volume-title":"Between communication and information volume 4","author":"Schement J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"CIT0091","volume-title":"Understanding how data powers big business","author":"Schmarzo B.","year":"2013"},{"key":"CIT0092","volume-title":"Signs: An introduction to semiotics","author":"Sebeok T.","year":"2001"},{"key":"CIT0093","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x"},{"key":"CIT0094","volume-title":"The mathematical theory of communication","author":"Shannon C.","year":"1949"},{"key":"CIT0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198504931.001.0001","volume-title":"The origins of life: From the birth of life to the origin of language","author":"Smith J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"CIT0097","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2076450.2076453"},{"key":"CIT0098","volume-title":"Structural stability and morphogenesis","author":"Thom R.","year":"1975"},{"key":"CIT0099","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07366981.2010.537182"},{"key":"CIT0100","volume-title":"Business intelligence and analytics: Decoupling the process and product views","author":"Torres R.","year":"2017"},{"key":"CIT0101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.28945\/1375"},{"key":"CIT0102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4571(199605)47:5<385::AID-ASI6>3.0.CO;2-S"},{"key":"CIT0103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/30036526"},{"key":"CIT0104","volume-title":"Sensemaking in Organizations","author":"Weick K.","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393372"},{"key":"CIT0106","volume-title":"The nature of physics","author":"Weizsacker C.","year":"1985"},{"key":"CIT0107","volume-title":"Complexity, entropy, and the physics of information (pp.\u00a0309-336)","author":"Wheeler J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"CIT0108","volume-title":"Cybernetics","author":"Wiener N.","year":"1961"},{"key":"CIT0109","volume-title":"Principles of physiological psychology","author":"Wundt W.","year":"1904"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Information Systems"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/0960085X.2019.1581441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T20:20:26Z","timestamp":1721074826000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/0960085X.2019.1581441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"references-count":104,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]]},"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/0960085X.2019.1581441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0960085x.2019.1581441","relation":{},"ISSN":["0960-085X","1476-9344"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0960-085X","type":"print"},{"value":"1476-9344","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tjis20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tjis20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2016-08-28","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-09","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-19","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-03-14","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}