{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]],"date-time":"2023-10-09T18:35:46Z","timestamp":1696876546974},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Women's History Review"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/09612020100200604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,1,6]],"date-time":"2006-01-06T01:08:30Z","timestamp":1136509710000},"page":"651-670","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The victorian female civilising mission and women's aspirations towards priesthood in the Church of England"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Jenny","family":"Daggers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","reference":[{"key":"CIT0001","unstructured":"Written in a letter to Dean Stanley in 1852. Cook Edward T.The Life of Florence NightingaleMacmillan London 1913 1 57 2 volumes"},{"key":"CIT0002","unstructured":"See Jonathan David Francis Inkpin (1996) Combating the \u2018Sin of Self-Sacrifice?\u2019 Christian Feminism in the Women's Suffrage Struggle, 1903-1918, PhD thesis, University of Durham."},{"key":"CIT0003","unstructured":"Gill SeanWomen in the Church of England: from the eighteenth century to the presentSPCK London 1994 11 31"},{"key":"CIT0004","volume-title":"Women of Spirit","author":"Ruether Rosemary"},{"key":"CIT0005","unstructured":"The manifesto was entitled A Practical View of the Prevailing System of Professed Christians, in the Higher and Middle Classes of this Country, Contrasted with Real Christianity (Gill Women in the Church of England, p. 9) For home as haven, see Gill, Women in the Church of England p. 30."},{"key":"CIT0006","unstructured":"Gilbert Sandra M. Gubar SusanThe Madwoman in the AtticYale University Press New Haven 1979 22"},{"key":"CIT0007","unstructured":"Woolf VirginiaA Room of One's Own and Three GuineasOxford University Press Oxford 1992 xix ed. and Introduction, Morag Shiach,"},{"key":"CIT0008","unstructured":"Thus, Elizabeth Blackwell argued that women's special qualities were required in medicine (see Forster MargaretSignificant Sisters: the grassroots of active feminism, 1839-1939pp. 56-57 [Harmondsworth: Penguin]), Penguin Harmondsworth 1986 just as Nightingale's founding of nursing as a female profession took \u2018the Angel in the House\u2018 to the hospital ward. Similarly, Jane Rendall describes the political purpose of The Englishwoman's Journal as \u2018rooted in the experience of the different sphere of life to which domesticity and philanthropy were more central than the experience of earning a living\u2019 ([1987] A Moral Engine? Feminism, Liberalism and the Englishwoman's Journal, Jane RendallEqual or Different: women's politics, 1800-1914Basil Blackwell Oxford 112 137 , p. 137 Her article explores the tension between this different sphere and equal rights feminism within the Langham Place circle. My argument is that campaigns for women's education and employment gained support from those arguing on grounds of women's specific (superior) qualities \u2013 spiritual womanhood \u2013 as well as from feminists arguing in terms of equal rights, despite the tension between these two positions."},{"key":"CIT0009","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/494494"},{"key":"CIT0010","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England13 and footnote 12."},{"key":"CIT0011","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England40"},{"key":"CIT0012","volume-title":"Eve and the New Jerusalem: socialism and feminism in the nineteenth century","author":"Taylor Barbara","year":"1983"},{"key":"CIT0013","first-page":"31","volume":"3","author":"Gillespie Joanna","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion"},{"key":"CIT0014","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England40"},{"key":"CIT0015","unstructured":"However, conformity with gendered norms was inverted when women preachers made working-class men the object of their evangelistic intentions."},{"key":"CIT0016","volume-title":"Heaven and Home\u2019: Charlotte M. Yonge's domestic fiction and the Victorian debate over women","author":"Sturrock June","year":"1995"},{"key":"CIT0017","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England82 83"},{"key":"CIT0018","unstructured":"Both the female civilising mission, and \u2018first wave\u2019 feminism brought women together across ecumenical lines. See Rendall, \u2018A Moral Engine\u2019, for a useful analysis of tensions arising from differing denominational affiliations among women involved in the Langham Place Circle. It is beyond the scope of this article to compare the degree and character of women's ecumenism with that of Christian men, though an obvious difference is that men predominated in leadership\/ministerial roles, and thus in official ecumenical engagements, whereas women were by definition lay, with the exception of a minority of Unitarian women ministers."},{"key":"CIT0019","unstructured":"Heeney BrianThe Women's Movement in the Church of England, 1850-1930Clarendon Press Oxford 1988 77"},{"key":"CIT0020","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement77 78 , 94-96"},{"key":"CIT0021","unstructured":"My broader focus also challenges any firm distinction between this wider range of women's (lay) activity and the functions of clerical ordained ministry, and reverses the obscurity of lay ministry which accompanies a clerical focus, even when women are included among the clergy. However, these are not the concerns of the current article."},{"key":"CIT0022","unstructured":"My condensed account draws upon HeeneyThe Women's Movement19 74 GillWomen in the Church of England46 51 , 31-68; Vicinus MarthaIndependent Women: work and community for single women, 1850-1920Virago; London 1985 46 84Religion in the Lives of English Women, 1760-1930Malmgreen Gail Croom Helm London 1986 and Rendall, Equal or Different."},{"key":"CIT0023","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement21"},{"key":"CIT0024","volume-title":"Disciplines of Faith: studies in religion, politics and patriarchy","author":"Milbank Alison","year":"1987"},{"key":"CIT0025","unstructured":"Pioneers of women's philanthropic activity included prominent nonconformists such as Elizabeth Fry, in prison visiting and nursing and the abolitionist, Anne Knight, whose work provided models for women's later involvement in philanthropic work, including within the Church of England. Women's work with foreign missions, and in auxiliary support of these, expanded the appropriate object of the female civilising mission to include \u2018the heathen\u2019, or at least heathen women and children, thus implicating themselves in the developing imperialist discourse on race."},{"key":"CIT0026","unstructured":"Fears about going over to Rome (see footnote 16) were exacerbated by High Church women placing loyalty to the sisterhood before conventional (patriarchal) marriage, so recreating the option for women of entering a religious order, which had been abolished in the Protestant Reformation."},{"key":"CIT0027","unstructured":"There is a class aspect to the control of women's philanthropic efforts. Paid work by working-class women was under supervision by voluntary middleclass women superintendents, such as the Raynard Bible women in the early years of the Society's work. Projects set up for working-class women had the same element of middle-class control over their clientele, such as the Girls\u2019 Friendly Society and some aspects of Settlement work. This exertion of social control by middle-class over working-class women mirrored domestic social relations within the middle-class household."},{"key":"CIT0028","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement53 , 58, 74, 49."},{"key":"CIT0029","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England132 , 135."},{"key":"CIT0030","unstructured":"Owenism was associated with radical activity, gaining a mainly urban following in the early years of the nineteenth century. See Taylor, Eve and the New Jerusalem, re Southcott and for details of women's involvement in Owenism."},{"key":"CIT0031","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England40"},{"key":"CIT0032","unstructured":"Catherine Booth's belief that women should take full roles in evangelism, including preaching, was significant in the formation of the Salvation Army. From the early nineteenth century, women preachers were discouraged within Methodism; see Field-Bibb JacquelineWomen towards Priesthood: ministerial politics and feminist praxisCambridge University Press Cambridge 1991 10 However, the first woman Unitarian minister in a British church \u2013 Gertrude von Petzold \u2013 pursued an active ministry until this was curtailed during the First World War on account of her German nationality; see Gilley Keith Women and the Unitarian MinistryGrowing Together: the Report of the Unitarian Working Party on Feminist Theology, report to the Unitarian General Assembly, n.p. Unitarian General Assembly 1985 3.4 There were significant Free Church ex officio women's ministries in the early years of the twentieth century, of which Hatty Baker's was the most notable (Inkpin, Combating the \u2018Sin\u2019, pp. 250-251), leading to the eventual ordination of Constance Coltmann Todd as the first woman Congregationalist minister in -1917; see Fletcher SheilaMaude Royden: a lifeBlackwell Oxford 1989"},{"key":"CIT0033","volume-title":"Eve and the New Jerusalem","author":"Taylor"},{"key":"CIT0034","volume-title":"Religion in the Lives of English Women","author":"Malmgreen"},{"key":"CIT0035","unstructured":"RendallEqual or Different19"},{"key":"CIT0036","unstructured":"GillWomen in the Church of England19"},{"key":"CIT0037","unstructured":"Margaret Maison (1986 \u2018Thine, Only Thine!\u2019 Women Hymn Writers in Britain, 1760-1835, in Malmgreen, Religion in the Lives of English Women"},{"key":"CIT0038","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement71"},{"key":"CIT0039","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement1 ; see pp. 79-111 for a full account."},{"key":"CIT0040","unstructured":"Ibid, p. 122."},{"key":"CIT0041","unstructured":"See Fletcher, Maude Royden, for an informative biographical assessment of Royden's contribution."},{"key":"CIT0042","unstructured":"FletcherMaude Royden164"},{"key":"CIT0043","unstructured":"FletcherMaude Royden151 Royden taught as an adult education lecturer, and spoke on suffragist platforms; see Fletcher, Maude Royden, chapters 4 and 5."},{"key":"CIT0044","unstructured":"The greater opportunities available to women in the foreign mission field than at home is reflected in Picton-Turbeville's confidence and competence as a preacher: rejection of the already proven ministries of returned women missionaries was to be a recurring theme within the post-1960 Anglican ordination debate."},{"key":"CIT0045","unstructured":"FletcherMaude Royden151 records an occasion when a large crowd crammed into a hall to hear Royden speak, as the use of the larger church building was debarred."},{"key":"CIT0046","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement109"},{"key":"CIT0047","unstructured":"There was an attempt to convene a conference on the matter in 1914, but the initiative was dropped on account of the start of the First World War HeeneyThe Women's Movement127"},{"key":"CIT0048","unstructured":"It was identified with a radical tendency, and many supporters of women's ordination distanced themselves from the league, choosing to expand women's auxiliary ministries within limits acceptable to the majority of members of the Church of England, rather than to divide the Church by pressing for women's ordination HeeneyThe Women's Movement128"},{"key":"CIT0049","unstructured":"Royden eventually accepted a post created for her at Congregationalist City Temple in London, and later was a founder member of the experimental ecumenical worshipping community, the Guildhouse; see Fletcher, Maude Royden. However, her gifts and felt vocation were never welcomed within the Church of England of her time."},{"key":"CIT0050","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement133 HeeneyThe Women's Movement116 138 GillWomen in the Church of England232 242 and FletcherMaude Royden135 155 for a full account of the events so briefly referred to in my argument"},{"key":"CIT0051","unstructured":"FletcherMaude Royden101"},{"key":"CIT0052","unstructured":"HeeneyThe Women's Movement137 In the period considered here, the notion of women as unclean was unexpressed prior to the articulation of an aspiration towards ordination by British Anglican women, which first occurred as late as 1914. The taboo of uncleanness and unfitness was also powerfully countered in a paper prepared for the 1920 Lambeth Conference by Dr Letitia Fairfield, employing psychological categories (cited in HeeneyThe Women's Movement125"}],"container-title":["Women's History Review"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/09612020100200604","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T18:43:11Z","timestamp":1480358591000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/09612020100200604"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/09612020100200604"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09612020100200604","relation":{},"ISSN":["0961-2025","1747-583X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0961-2025","type":"print"},{"value":"1747-583X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2001,12]]}}}