{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T23:52:56Z","timestamp":1785801176479,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/policies-text-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41930107"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41930107"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geo-spatial Information Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T16:10:28Z","timestamp":1754064628000},"page":"753-787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Can large language models generate geospatial code?"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-6984-9959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shuyang","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhangxiao","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianyuan","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoyue","family":"Jiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaxian","family":"Qing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dehua","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9467-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhipeng","family":"Gui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0865-3850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuefeng","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9022-6991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Longgang","family":"Xiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3971-0512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huayi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wuhan University institution institution","place":["Wuhan, China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2021.103076"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","volume-title":"Benjamin S. Bloom: His Life, His Works, and His Legacy, In Educational Psychology","author":"Anderson L. W.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Anderson, L. W. 2014. Benjamin S. Bloom: His Life, His Works, and His Legacy, In Educational Psychology. Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00031305.1988.10475539"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infsof.2013.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","first-page":"0221","article-title":"Myprolang-My Programming Language: A template-Driven Automatic Natural Programming Language","volume":"1204","author":"Bassil Y.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bassil, Y., and A. Barbar. 2012. \u201cMyprolang-My Programming Language: A template-Driven Automatic Natural Programming Language.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 1204:0221.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13321-020-00456-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi9020095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/106186004X12632"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/20964471.2021.1939243"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","first-page":"14517","article-title":"Geoqa: A Geometric Question Answering Benchmark Towards Multimodal Numerical Reasoning","volume":"2105","author":"Chen J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chen, J., J. Tang, J. Qin, X. Liang, L. Liu, E. P. Xing, and L. Lin. 2021. \u201cGeoqa: A Geometric Question Answering Benchmark Towards Multimodal Numerical Reasoning.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2105:14517.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","first-page":"17915","article-title":"Long Context is Not Long at All: A Prospector of long-Dependency Data for Large Language Models","volume":"2405","author":"Chen L.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chen, L., Z. Liu, W. He, Y. Li, R. Luo, and M. Yang. 2024. \u201cLong Context is Not Long at All: A Prospector of long-Dependency Data for Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2405:17915.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1351324916000334"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11831-010-9045-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658810600911879"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-023-00626-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10766-013-0272-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs17030550"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2023.01.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2022.128099"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sysarc.2024.103193"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1613\/jair.4992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","first-page":"04617","article-title":"Evaluation of Code LLMs on Geospatial Code Generation","volume":"2410","author":"Gramacki P.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gramacki, P., B. Martins, and P. Szyma\u0144ski. 2024. \u201cEvaluation of Code LLMs on Geospatial Code Generation.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2410:04617.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4583531"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","first-page":"12948","article-title":"Deepseek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in Llms via Reinforcement Learning","volume":"2501","author":"Guo D.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Guo, D., D. Yang, H. Zhang, J. Song, R. Zhang, R. Xu, Q. Zhu, S. Ma, P. Wang, and X. Bi. 2025. \u201cDeepseek-R1: Incentivizing Reasoning Capability in Llms via Reinforcement Learning.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2501:12948.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","unstructured":"Guo D. Q. Zhu D. Yang Z. Xie K. Dong W. Zhang G. Chen X. Bi Y. Wu and Y. J. A. P. A. Li. 2024. \u201cDeepseek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets programming\u2013The Rise of Code Intelligence.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","first-page":"14196","article-title":"Deepseek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets programming\u2013The Rise of Code Intelligence","volume":"2401","author":"Guo D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guo, D., Q. Zhu, D. Yang, Z. Xie, K. Dong, W. Zhang, G. Chen, X. Bi, Y. Wu, and Y. K. Li. 2024. \u201cDeepseek-Coder: When the Large Language Model Meets programming\u2013The Rise of Code Intelligence.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2401:14196.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3152247"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","first-page":"06336","article-title":"Language Models are general-Purpose Interfaces","volume":"2206","author":"Hao Y.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hao, Y., H. Song, L. Dong, S. Huang, Z. Chi, W. Wang, S. Ma, and F. Wei. 2022. \u201cLanguage Models are general-Purpose Interfaces.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2206:06336.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2025.2509812"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","first-page":"05587","article-title":"Gee-Ops: An Operator Knowledge Base for Geospatial Code Generation on the Google Earth Engine Platform Powered by Large Language Models","volume":"2412","author":"Hou S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou, S., J. Liang, A. Zhao, and H. Wu. 2024. \u201cGee-Ops: An Operator Knowledge Base for Geospatial Code Generation on the Google Earth Engine Platform Powered by Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2412:05587.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jag.2025.104456"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","first-page":"20975","article-title":"geo-FuB: A Method for Constructing an operator-Function Knowledge Base for Geospatial Code Generation Tasks Using Large Language Models","volume":"2410","author":"Hou S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hou, S., A. Zhao, J. Liang, Z. Shen, and H. Wu. 2024. \u201cgeo-FuB: A Method for Constructing an operator-Function Knowledge Base for Geospatial Code Generation Tasks Using Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2410:20975.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","first-page":"08784","article-title":"Codecot: Tackling Code Syntax Errors in Cot Reasoning for Code Generation","volume":"2308","author":"Huang D.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Huang, D., Q. Bu, Y. Qing, and H. Cui. 2023. \u201cCodecot: Tackling Code Syntax Errors in Cot Reasoning for Code Generation.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2308:08784.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2017.1385652"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2022.08.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2018.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cie.2021.107600"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su16020642"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00223"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","first-page":"00515","article-title":"A Survey on Large Language Models for Code Generation","volume":"2406","author":"Jiang J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiang, J., F. Wang, J. Shen, S. Kim, and S. Kim. 2024. \u201cA Survey on Large Language Models for Code Generation.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2406:00515.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","article-title":"Self-Planning Code Generation with Large Language Models","author":"Jiang X.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang, X., Y. Dong, L. Wang, Z. Fang, Q. Shang, G. Li, Z. Jin, and W. Jiao. 2023. \u201cSelf-Planning Code Generation with Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv e-Prints, Arxiv-2303.","journal-title":"arXiv e-Prints, Arxiv-2303"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TKDE.2007.1048"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1985.10478195"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13658816.2020.1802032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi8100461"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","first-page":"14852","article-title":"Humaneval on Latest GPT Models\u20132024","volume":"2402","author":"Li D.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li, D., and L. Murr. 2024. \u201cHumaneval on Latest GPT Models\u20132024.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2402:14852.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","first-page":"06161","article-title":"Starcoder: May the Source Be with You!","volume":"2305","author":"Li R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Li, R., L. B. Allal, Y. Zi, N. Muennighoff, D. Kocetkov, C. Mou, M. Marone, C. Akiki, J. Li, and J. Chim. 2023. \u201cStarcoder: May the Source Be with You!\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2305:06161.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abq1158"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","first-page":"23633","article-title":"GIScience in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: A Research Agenda Towards Autonomous GIS","volume":"2503","author":"Li Z.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Li, Z., H. Ning, S. Gao, K. Janowicz, W. Li, S. T. Arundel, C. Yang, B. Bhaduri, S. Wang, and A. Zhu. 2025. \u201cGIScience in the Era of Artificial Intelligence: A Research Agenda Towards Autonomous GIS.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2503:23633.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10095020.2025.2483884"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-59271-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","first-page":"05358","article-title":"clevr-Math: A Dataset for Compositional Language, Visual and Mathematical Reasoning","volume":"2208","author":"Lindstr\u00f6m A. D.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lindstr\u00f6m, A. D., and S. S. Abraham. 2022. \u201cclevr-Math: A Dataset for Compositional Language, Visual and Mathematical Reasoning.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2208:05358.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","first-page":"18703","article-title":"Domain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey","volume":"2305","author":"Ling C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ling, C., X. Zhao, J. Lu, C. Deng, C. Zheng, J. Wang, T. Chowdhury, Y. Li, H. Cui, and X. Zhang. 2023. \u201cDomain Specialization as the Key to Make Large Language Models Disruptive: A Comprehensive Survey.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2305:18703.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","first-page":"19437","article-title":"Deepseek-V3 Technical Report","volume":"2412","author":"Liu A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Liu, A., B. Feng, B. Xue, B. Wang, B. Wu, C. Lu, C. Zhao, C. Deng, C. Zhang, and C. Ruan. 2024. \u201cDeepseek-V3 Technical Report.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2412:19437.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2023.2286746"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1380584.1380586"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijgi13100348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610918.2024.2319419"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2013.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Remote Sensing Applications: An Overview","author":"Navalgund R. R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Navalgund, R. R., V. Jayaraman, and P. S. Roy. 2007. \u201cRemote Sensing Applications: An Overview.\u201d Current Science: 1747\u20131766.","journal-title":"Current Science"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","first-page":"06435","article-title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models","volume":"2307","author":"Naveed H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Naveed, H., A. U. Khan, S. Qiu, M. Saqib, S. Anwar, M. Usman, N. Akhtar, N. Barnes, and A. Mian. 2023. \u201cA Comprehensive Overview of Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2307:06435.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics10212706"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2017.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geosus.2021.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","first-page":"00936","article-title":"A Survey of Useful Llm Evaluation","volume":"2406","author":"Peng J.-L.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Peng, J.-L., S. Cheng, E. Diau, Y.-Y. Shih, P.-H. Chen, Y.-T. Lin, and Y.-N. Chen. 2024. \u201cA Survey of Useful Llm Evaluation.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2406:00936.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2022.3191696"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","first-page":"07924","article-title":"Chatdev: Communicative Agents for Software Development","volume":"2307","author":"Qian C.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Qian, C., W. Liu, H. Liu, N. Chen, Y. Dang, J. Li, C. Yang, W. Chen, Y. Su, and X. Cong. 2023. \u201cChatdev: Communicative Agents for Software Development.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2307:07924.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2016.10.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csl.2006.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","first-page":"12950","article-title":"Code llama: Open foundation models for code","volume":"2308","author":"Roziere B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Roziere, B., J. Gehring, F. Gloeckle, S. Sootla, I. Gat, X. E. Tan, Y. Adi, J. Liu, R. Sauvestre, and T. Remez. 2023. \u201cCode llama: Open foundation models for code.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2308:12950.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmoldx.2019.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2012.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2020.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","first-page":"09085","article-title":"Galactica: A Large Language Model for Science","volume":"2211","author":"Taylor R.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Taylor, R., M. Kardas, G. Cucurull, T. Scialom, A. Hartshorn, E. Saravia, A. Poulton, V. Kerkez, and R. Stojnic. 2022. \u201cGalactica: A Large Language Model for Science.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2211:09085.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","first-page":"03164","article-title":"Nuscenes-SpatialQa: A Spatial Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for vision-Language Models in Autonomous Driving","volume":"2504","author":"Tian K.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Tian, K., J. Mao, Y. Zhang, J. Jiang, Y. Zhou, and Z. Tu. 2025. \u201cNuscenes-SpatialQa: A Spatial Understanding and Reasoning Benchmark for vision-Language Models in Autonomous Driving.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2504:03164.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-021-06332-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","first-page":"13971","article-title":"Llama: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models","volume":"2302","author":"Touvron H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Touvron, H., T. Lavril, G. Izacard, X. Martinet, M.-A. Lachaux, T. Lacroix, B. Rozi\u00e8re, N. Goyal, E. Hambro, and F. Azhar. 2023. \u201cLlama: Open and Efficient Foundation Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2302:13971.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MCSE.2016.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","first-page":"07461","article-title":"GLUE: A multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding","volume":"1804","author":"Wang A.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang, A., A. Singh, J. Michael, F. Hill, O. Levy, and S. R. Bowman. 2018. \u201cGLUE: A multi-Task Benchmark and Analysis Platform for Natural Language Understanding.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 1804:07461.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eng.2022.04.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","first-page":"11903","article-title":"Chain-Of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models","volume":"2201","author":"Wei J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wei, J., X. Wang, D. Schuurmans, M. Bosma, B. Ichter, F. Xia, H. Chi, Q. V. Le, and D. Zhou. 2022. \u201cChain-Of-Thought Prompting Elicits Reasoning in Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2201:11903.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","first-page":"17564","article-title":"Bloomberggpt: A Large Language Model for Finance","volume":"2303","author":"Wu S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, S., O. Irsoy, S. Lu, V. Dabravolski, M. Dredze, S. Gehrmann, P. Kambadur, D. Rosenberg, and G. Mann. 2023. \u201cBloomberggpt: A Large Language Model for Finance.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2303:17564.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","first-page":"04709","article-title":"A Comparative Study of open-Source Large Language Models, Gpt-4 and Claude 2: Multiple-Choice Test Taking in Nephrology","volume":"2308","author":"Wu S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wu, S., M. Koo, L. Blum, A. Black, L. Kao, F. Scalzo, and I. Kurtz. 2023. \u201cA Comparative Study of open-Source Large Language Models, Gpt-4 and Claude 2: Multiple-Choice Test Taking in Nephrology.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2308:04709.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17538947.2025.2480268"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_1","first-page":"17947","article-title":"Deepseek-R1 Outperforms Gemini 2.0 Pro, Openai O1, and o3-Mini in Bilingual Complex Ophthalmology Reasoning","volume":"2502","author":"Xu P.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Xu, P., Y. Wu, K. Jin, X. Chen, M. He, and D. Shi. 2025. \u201cDeepseek-R1 Outperforms Gemini 2.0 Pro, Openai O1, and o3-Mini in Bilingual Complex Ophthalmology Reasoning.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2502:17947.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_87_1","first-page":"05464","article-title":"llm-Medqa: Enhancing Medical Question Answering Through Case Studies in Large Language Models","volume":"2501","author":"Yang H.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yang, H., H. Chen, H. Guo, Y. Chen, C.-S. Lin, S. Hu, J. Hu, X. Wu, and X. Wang. 2024. \u201cllm-Medqa: Enhancing Medical Question Answering Through Case Studies in Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2501:05464.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_88_1","first-page":"10420","article-title":"A Comprehensive Capability Analysis of Gpt-3 and Gpt-3.5 Series Models","volume":"2303","author":"Ye J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ye, J., X. Chen, N. Xu, C. Zu, Z. Shao, S. Liu, Y. Cui, Z. Zhou, C. Gong, and Y. Shen. 2023. \u201cA Comprehensive Capability Analysis of Gpt-3 and Gpt-3.5 Series Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2303:10420.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_89_1","first-page":"07339","article-title":"Codeagent: Enhancing Code Generation with tool-Integrated Agent Systems for real-World repo-Level Coding Challenges","volume":"2401","author":"Zhang K.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang, K., J. Li, G. Li, X. Shi, and Z. Jin. 2024. \u201cCodeagent: Enhancing Code Generation with tool-Integrated Agent Systems for real-World repo-Level Coding Challenges.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2401:07339.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_90_1","first-page":"09975","article-title":"Fineval: A Chinese Financial Domain Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models","volume":"2308","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L., W. Cai, Z. Liu, Z. Yang, W. Dai, Y. Liao, Q. Qin, Y. Li, X. Liu, and Z. Liu. 2023. \u201cFineval: A Chinese Financial Domain Knowledge Evaluation Benchmark for Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2308:09975.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_91_1","first-page":"05510","article-title":"Planning with Large Language Models for Code Generation","volume":"2303","author":"Zhang S.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Z. Chen, Y. Shen, M. Ding, J. B. Tenenbaum, and C. Gan. 2023. \u201cPlanning with Large Language Models for Code Generation.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2303:05510.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earscirev.2018.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183778"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xinn.2024.100691"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_95_1","first-page":"18223","article-title":"A Survey of Large Language Models","volume":"2303","author":"Zhao W. X.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao, W. X., K. Zhou, J. Li, T. Tang, X. Wang, Y. Hou, Y. Min, B. Zhang, J. Zhang, and Z. Dong. 2023. \u201cA Survey of Large Language Models.\u201d arXiv Preprint arXiv 2303 (1): 18223.","journal-title":"arXiv Preprint arXiv"}],"container-title":["Geo-spatial Information Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T11:57:09Z","timestamp":1783079829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10095020.2025.2535523","relation":{},"ISSN":["1009-5020","1993-5153"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1009-5020","type":"print"},{"value":"1993-5153","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tgsi20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=tgsi20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2025-04-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-12","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}