{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,26]],"date-time":"2025-10-26T13:58:05Z","timestamp":1761487085333},"reference-count":0,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AI 39558"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AI 39558"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past two decades, a number of studies have failed to provide direct evidence of specific microbial chronic infection in primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC). However, a recent report suggests that there is a specific association of <jats:italic>Chlamydia pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> in patients with PBC and that <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> or similar antigens might play a role in the pathogenesis of disease. To determine if <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection is associated with PBC, we applied a combination of immunological and molecular approaches to investigate (a) the serological reactivity against two common <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> human pathogens, <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic>, by immunoblotting, (b) the presence of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by PCR amplification of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> specific 16S rRNA and (c) the presence of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> proteins in liver samples of patients with PBC and controls by immunohistochemical staining. By immunoblotting, <jats:italic>C. trachomatis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>C. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> specific serological antibodies were found in 52\/57 (91.2%) AMA positive PBC, 7\/33 (21\/2%) of AMA negative PBC, 1\/25 (4%) PSC, 0\/15 (0%) Sjorgen\u2032s syndrome and 0\/20 (0%) systemic lupus erythematosus patients and 0\/20 (0%) healthy volunteers at 1:200 sera dilution. PBC sera reacted to <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> lysates in western blots up to a maximum of 10<jats:sup>-4<\/jats:sup> dilution. However, PCR amplification of the <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> specific 16S rRNA gene was negative in 25\/25 PBC livers but positive in 1\/4 PSC liver, 3\/6 in other liver disease controls and 1\/4 normal liver samples. While two commercially available specific monoclonal antibodies stained positive controls (<jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infected HEp\u20102 cells) they failed to detect <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> antigens in PBC livers. The detection of <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> specific antibodies but not <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> rRNA gene and <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> antigens in PBC suggests that <jats:italic>Chlamydia<\/jats:italic> infection is not involved in PBC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10446670310001642429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,12,30]],"date-time":"2003-12-30T17:02:39Z","timestamp":1072803759000},"page":"227-233","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Is there a Relation between <i>Chlamydia<\/i> Infection and Primary Biliary Cirrhosis?"],"prefix":"10.1155","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Patrick S. C.","family":"Leung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ogyi","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuji","family":"Matsumura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aftab A.","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ross L.","family":"Coppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. Eric","family":"Gershwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"container-title":["Journal of Immunology Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/downloads.hindawi.com\/journals\/jir\/2003\/745498.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10446670310001642429","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T11:30:58Z","timestamp":1723116658000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1080\/10446670310001642429"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"references-count":0,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10446670310001642429"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10446670310001642429","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2314-8861","2314-7156"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"2314-8861"},{"type":"electronic","value":"2314-7156"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2003-01-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}