{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T02:18:38Z","timestamp":1777515518050,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":101,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649203200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2041909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T03:45:17Z","timestamp":1649303117000},"page":"612-627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["Gamification is Working, but Which One Exactly? Results from an Experiment with Four Game Design Elements"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"39","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9943-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios","family":"Mazarakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Kiel University","place":["Kiel, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5903-8829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Br\u00e4uer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, Kiel University","place":["Kiel, Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11423-013-9289-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"Antin J. & Churchill E. F. (2011). Badges in social media: A social psychological perspective. In CHI 2011 Gamification Workshop Proceedings (pp. 1\u20134)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33759-9_23"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2458\/azu_itet_v6i1_bevins"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/ISTAFRICA.2014.6880651"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"229","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 3rd International GamiFIN Conference\u2014GamiFIN 2019","author":"Br\u00e4uer P.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Br\u00e4uer, P., & Mazarakis, A. (2019). Badges or a leaderboard? How to gamify an augmented reality warehouse setting. In J. Koivisto & Hamari \u2003 (Eds.), Proceedings of the 3rd International GamiFIN Conference\u2014GamiFIN 2019 (Vol. 2359, pp. 229\u2013240). CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","unstructured":"Cheong C. Cheong F. & Filippou J. (2013). Quick quiz: A gamified approach for enhancing learning. In PACIS 2013 Proceedings."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intcom.2010.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","volume-title":"Flow: The psychology of optimal experience","author":"Csikszentmihalyi M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2009). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. Harper Collins."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"Davidson S. Candy L. (2016). Gameful learning as a teaching\/learning strategy: Best practices and lessons learned. In Proceedings of the Edmedia\u2009+\u2009Innovate Learning 2016 Conference (pp. 1165\u20131171). https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/primary\/p\/173093\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","unstructured":"Deal D. (2018 March 18). Google Gamifies Google Maps. Medium. https:\/\/medium.com\/@davidjdeal\/google-gamifies-google-maps-81cfa0e4eeed"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.18854"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2181037.2181040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s41239-017-0042-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"75","article-title":"Gamification in education: A systematic mapping study","volume":"18","author":"Dicheva D.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dicheva, D., Dichev, C., Agre, G., & Angelova, G. (2015). Gamification in education: A systematic mapping study. Educational Technology & Society, 18(3), 75\u201388. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/jeductechsoci.18.3.75","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2012.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167292182003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TLT.2017.2773508"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18420\/muc2018-ws03-0366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3290605.3300690"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","volume-title":"Discovering statistics using SPSS (and sex, drugs and Rock \u201cN\u201d Roll)","author":"Field A. P.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Field, A. P. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (and sex, drugs and Rock \u201cN\u201d Roll) (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","unstructured":"Finckenhagen K. R. (2017). Context in gamification\u2014Contextual factors and successful gamification. https:\/\/www.ntnu.edu\/documents\/139799\/1279149990\/09+Article+Final_karolirf_fors%C3%B8k_2017-12-08-05-35-05_TPD4505.Karoline.Finckenhagen.pdf\/4f269657-0e54-4999-9de8-6ba8e109d386"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2019.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878120958741"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Improving learning experiences through gamification: A case study","volume":"30","author":"Geelan B.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Geelan, B., De Salas, K., Lewis, I., King, C., Edwards, D., & O\u2019Mara, A. (2015). Improving learning experiences through gamification: A case study. Australian Educational Computing, 30(1), 1\u201321. http:\/\/journal.acce.edu.au\/index.php\/AEC\/article\/view\/57","journal-title":"Australian Educational Computing"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10639-013-9291-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.6007\/IJARBSS\/v8-i3\/3940"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2019.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2020.1870828"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3991\/ijet.v10i1.4221"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3311350.3347167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.elerap.2013.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamari J. Koivisto J. Sarsa H. (2014). Does gamification work? \u2013 A literature review of empirical studies on gamification. In 47th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) (pp. 3025\u20133034).","DOI":"10.1109\/HICSS.2014.377"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2014.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huschens M. Rothlauf F. Rothe R. (2019). On the role of social comparison processes in gamified work situations. In Proceedings of the 52nd Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences \u2013 HICSS 52 (pp. 1446\u20131455).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2019.176"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2858036.2858515"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.invent.2016.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-52294-0_4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"The gamification of learning and instruction: Game-based methods and strategies for training and education","author":"Kapp K. M.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kapp, K. M. (2012). The gamification of learning and instruction: Game-based methods and strategies for training and education. John Wiley & Sons."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","first-page":"42","article-title":"Gamification: Separating fact from fiction","volume":"13","author":"Kapp K. M.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kapp,\u00a0K. M. (2014a). Gamification: Separating fact from fiction. Chief Learning Officer, 13(3), 42\u201352. https:\/\/www.chieflearningofficer.com\/2014\/03\/19\/gamification-separating-fact-from-fiction\/","journal-title":"Chief Learning Officer"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","unstructured":"Kapp K. M. (2014b August 11). Game element: Feedback. Kapp Notes. https:\/\/karlkapp.com\/game-element-feedback\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","unstructured":"Kapp K. M. Blair L. Mesch R. (2014). The gamification of learning and instruction fieldbook: Ideas into practice. Wiley. https:\/\/www.wiley.com\/en-us\/The+Gamification+of+Learning+and+Instruction+Fieldbook%3A+Ideas+into+Practice-p-9781118674437"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0894439315608451"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.10.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39241-2_58"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2017.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1046878118774385"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2017\/41.4.01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","volume-title":"Handbook of organizational behavior","author":"Locke E.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Locke, E. (2001). Motivation by goal setting. In R. Golembiewski (Ed.), Handbook of organizational behavior. Dekker."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.9.705"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","unstructured":"Majuri J. Koivisto J. Hamari J. (2018). Gamification of education and learning: A review of empirical literature. In Proceedings of the 2nd International GamiFIN Conference GamiFIN 2018 (pp. 11\u201319)."},{"issue":"17","key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Using gamification for technology enhanced learning: The case of feedback mechanisms","volume":"4","author":"Mazarakis A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Mazarakis, A. (2015). Using gamification for technology enhanced learning: The case of feedback mechanisms. Bulletin of the IEEE Technical Committee on Learning Technology, 4(17), 6\u20139. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/316384079_Using_gamification_for_technology_enhanced_learning_The_case_of_feedback_mechanisms","journal-title":"Bulletin of the IEEE Technical Committee on Learning Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/icom-2021-0025"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","unstructured":"Mazarakis A. Br\u00e4uer P. (2020a). Gamification of an open access quiz with badges and progress bars: An experimental study with scientists. In J. Koivisto M. Bujic & J. Hamari (Eds.) Proceedings of the 4th International GamiFIN Conference\u2014GamiFIN 2020 (Vol. 2637 pp. 62\u201371). CEUR-WS.org."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","unstructured":"Mazarakis A. & Br\u00e4uer P. (2020b). First directions for using gamification to motivate for open access. arXiv 2002.03681 [Cs]. http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2002.03681"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3183654.3183667"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","volume-title":"Reality is broken","author":"McGonigal J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"McGonigal, J. (2011). Reality is broken. Penguin Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.08.048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2583008.2583017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1460458214537511"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_66_1","first-page":"745","volume-title":"Handbook of research on educational communications and technology","author":"Mory E. H.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Mory, E. H. (2004). Feedback research revisited. In D. H. Jonassen (Ed.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (Vol. 2., pp. 745\u2013783). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_67_1","unstructured":"Muntean C. I. (2011). Raising engagement in E-learning through gamification. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Virtual Learning (ICVL) (pp. 323\u2013329)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1165385.317459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-39226-9_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cae.12116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2016.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-94277-3_26"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2015.05.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_74_1","unstructured":"Raikar S. P. (2021 November 4). Quiz. Britannica. https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/quiz"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bs.3830280103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2658537.2658683"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ceps.1999.1020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-006-9051-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.55612\/s-5002-019-002","article-title":"Psychological perspectives on motivation through gamification","volume":"19","author":"Sailer M.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sailer, M., Hense, J., Mandl, H., & Klevers, M. (2013). Psychological perspectives on motivation through gamification. IxD&A, 19, 28\u201337.","journal-title":"IxD&A"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-41713-4_37"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103666"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2017.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-33759-9_21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6bel S. S\u00f6llner M. & Leimeister J. M. (2016). The agony of choice\u2014Analyzing user preferences regarding gamification elements in learning management systems. In International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS).","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3159163"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2020.1808539"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intmar.2015.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2818048.2820061"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-17727-4_115-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/jesp.1999.1383"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17705\/1thci.00107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00224545.1986.9713638"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2018.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026259005264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Warmelink H. Koivisto J. Mayer I. Vesa M. Hamari J. (2018). Gamification of the work floor: A literature review of gamifying production and logistics operations. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (pp. 1108\u20131117).","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.139"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbusres.2018.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_100_1","volume-title":"For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business","author":"Werbach K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Werbach, K., & Hunter, D. (2012). For the win: How game thinking can revolutionize your business. Wharton Digital Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijinfomgt.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_102_1","volume-title":"Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps","author":"Zichermann G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Zichermann, G., & Cunningham, C. (2011). Gamification by design: Implementing game mechanics in web and mobile apps. O\u2019Reilly Media."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2041909","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,28]],"date-time":"2025-05-28T12:09:27Z","timestamp":1748434167000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2041909"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"references-count":101,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10447318.2022.2041909"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2022.2041909","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-7318","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7590","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hihc20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hihc20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2021-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-12-12","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-02-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-04-06","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}