{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T02:18:59Z","timestamp":1781749139998,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100020595","name":"National Science and Technology Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["112-2410-H-007-043-MY2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["112-2410-H-007-043-MY2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100020595","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2025.2551036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T10:19:37Z","timestamp":1756981177000},"page":"6060-6080","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Impact of Virtual Reality (VR)-Simulated Symptoms on Public Empathy and Attitude Toward Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0716-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jen-Chu","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6657-5566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wernhuar","family":"Tarng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4745-9751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kuo-Liang","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Learning Sciences and Technologies, National Tsing Hua University","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2012.755877"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10055-024-01019-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2011.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2005.00699.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508400701793141"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Bang E. & Yildirim C. (2018). Virtually empathetic?: Examining the effects of virtual reality storytelling on empathy [Paper presentation]. Virtual Augmented and Mixed Reality: Interaction Navigation Visualization Embodiment and Simulation: 10th International Conference VAMR 2018 Held as Part of HCI International 2018 Las Vegas NV USA July 15\u201320 2018 Proceedings Part I 10."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/9780262012973.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167297237008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1987.tb00426.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s44159-024-00334-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/frobt.2018.00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0031267"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-017-0788-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S96649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/VSMM.2017.8346252"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01242"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106781"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638231000118276"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2018-0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1754073914558466"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0030508"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","unstructured":"Davis M. H. (1980a). Interpersonal reactivity index. SAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 10 14\u201315."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","unstructured":"Davis M. H. (1980b). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology 10(85) 1\u201317."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","volume-title":"The social neuroscience of empathy","author":"Decety J.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Decety, J., & Ickes, W. (2011). The social neuroscience of empathy. Mit Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1534582304267187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0759-1-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","unstructured":"Derogatis L. R. (1993). Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI): Administration scoring and procedures manual (3rd ed.). National Computer Systems."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2018.518"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0225102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.6145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajpy.12167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpe.2024.100702"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260801906489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e04145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12669"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","volume-title":"PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling","author":"Hayes A. F.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F. (2012). PROCESS: A versatile computational tool for observed variable mediation, moderation, and conditional process modeling. University of Kansas, KS."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5926\/arepj1962.35.0_157"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3594739.3610682"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/59083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/inm.13240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1504\/IJIIE.2017.091481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000494660"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181e07d66"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"A systematic review of virtual reality in education","volume":"10","author":"Kavanagh S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kavanagh, S., Luxton-Reilly, A., Wuensche, B., & Plimmer, B. (2017). A systematic review of virtual reality in education. Themes in Science and Technology Education, 10(2), 85\u2013119. https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/182115\/","journal-title":"Themes in Science and Technology Education,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","unstructured":"Lab U. C. (2004). Presence questionnaire. https:\/\/marketinginvolvement.files.wordpress.com\/2013\/12\/pq-presence-questionnaire.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/48566"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e17196"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000138"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tmb0000034"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14682753.2017.1305838"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2019.3360"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1972.tb00078.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","unstructured":"Milk C. (2015). How virtual reality can create the ultimate empathy machine. https:\/\/www.ted.com\/talks\/chris_milk_how_virtual_reality_can_create_the_ultimate_empathy_machine."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbaa101"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24251\/HICSS.2018.174"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health. (2023). Schizophrenia. https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/topics\/schizophrenia"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su13115911"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31612-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13415-013-0187-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ACM.0000000000003615"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691619863798"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcal.12293"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11031-017-9641-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.1993.2.3.221"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70953\/ERPv40.13004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327590ijhc1002_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10132961"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23082087"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3281505.3283395"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)61817-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0202442"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2019.0681"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000929"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/105474698565686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. (2022). Schizophrenia. https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/schizophrenia."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2021.0037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/23683"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.880331"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0020764017719303"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Human\u2013Computer Interaction"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10447318.2025.2551036","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T23:03:16Z","timestamp":1776207796000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10447318.2025.2551036"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10447318.2025.2551036"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10447318.2025.2551036","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-7318","1532-7590"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-7318","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-7590","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hihc20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=hihc20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2024-09-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-15","order":1,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}