{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T06:27:12Z","timestamp":1781850432269,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"8","funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002726","name":"Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["111032101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["111032101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002726","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Province Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project","award":["GD20XJY61"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GD20XJY61"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021M700465"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021M700465"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interactive Learning Environments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2023.2197953","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]],"date-time":"2023-04-25T10:38:44Z","timestamp":1682419124000},"page":"4297-4313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Effectiveness of synchronous and asynchronous online learning: a meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Hang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Zhuhai, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-1927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiutong","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Zhuhai, People\u2019s Republic of China"]},{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Zhuhai, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","volume-title":"Comparing the effects of pre-recorded lecture and live online lecture on learning and sense of community","author":"Al Amer K. M.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Al Amer, K. M. (2018). Comparing the effects of pre-recorded lecture and live online lecture on learning and sense of community. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2004.tb02636.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","first-page":"189","article-title":"An analysis of distance education research: Implications for the instructional technologist","volume":"1","author":"Anglin G. J.","year":"2000","unstructured":"Anglin, G. J., & Morrison, G. R. (2000). An analysis of distance education research: Implications for the instructional technologist. Quarterly Review of Distance Education, 1(3), 189\u2013194. https:\/\/www.learntechlib.org\/p\/90446\/","journal-title":"Quarterly Review of Distance Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20982\/tqmp.12.3.p154"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543074003379"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12528-013-9077-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17760\/D20258395"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/000282802320191778"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","unstructured":"Carnahan C. D. (2012). The effects of learning in an online virtual environment on K-12 students [PhD]. Indiana University of Pennsylvania. In ProQuest Dissertations and Theses (1252057250). ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/effects-learning-online-virtual-environment-on-k\/docview\/1252057250\/se-2?accountid=8554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/jdet.2006100107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X16656615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0032968"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118957813"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001616"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","unstructured":"Constantine M. B. (2012). A study of individual learning styles and e-learning preferences among community health aides\/practitioners in rural Alaska [Doctoral dissertation]. TUI University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.300.10.1181"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","volume-title":"Toward reform of program evaluation","author":"Cronbach L. J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Cronbach, L. J., Ambron, S. R., Dornbusch, S. M., Hess, R. D., Hornik, R. C., Phillips, D. C., Walker, D. F., & Weiner, S. S. (1980). Toward reform of program evaluation (p. 3). Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796016000809"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09639284.2012.673387"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/feduc.2019.00092"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","first-page":"193","article-title":"Comparison between synchronous and asynchronous instructional delivery method of training programme on in-service physical educators\u2019 knowledge","volume":"13","author":"Emmanouilidou K.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Emmanouilidou, K., Derri, V., Antoniou, P., & Kyrgiridis, P. (2012). Comparison between synchronous and asynchronous instructional delivery method of training programme on in-service physical educators\u2019 knowledge. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 13(4), 193\u2013208. https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/en\/pub\/tojde\/issue\/16902\/176209","journal-title":"Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2144375"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/669930"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2019.100293"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003107347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986006002107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-08-057065-5.50010-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1186"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7414.557"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","unstructured":"Hill S. (2009). An investigation of the impact of asynchronous online learning on student achievement [Capella University]. In Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences (742985302; 2010-99111-099). APA PsycInfo\u00ae. https:\/\/www.proquest.com\/dissertations-theses\/investigation-impact-asynchronous-online-learning\/docview\/742985302\/se-2?accountid=8554"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10503307.2017.1405171"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","first-page":"51","article-title":"Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning","volume":"31","author":"Hrastinski S.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hrastinski, S. (2008). Asynchronous and synchronous e-learning. Educause Quarterly, 31(4), 51\u201355.","journal-title":"Educause Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su12198149"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/elt.v8n4p117"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2001.tb02885.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su14052910"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18178\/ijiet.2022.12.9.1696"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0307507032000058082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2022.100438"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.12509"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","volume-title":"Use of education data at the local level: From accountability to instructional improvement","author":"Means B.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Means, B., Padilla, C., & Gallagher, L. (2010). Use of education data at the local level: From accountability to instructional improvement. US Department of Education."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-151-4-200908180-00135"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5688\/aj710116"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106291059"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2785"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.edurev.2021.100394"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","first-page":"12","article-title":"The effectiveness of online learning: Beyond no significant difference and future horizons","volume":"11","author":"Nguyen T.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nguyen, T. (2015). The effectiveness of online learning: Beyond no significant difference and future horizons. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 11(2), 12.","journal-title":"MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15700\/saje.v39n2a1383"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","first-page":"n2","article-title":"Is it worth the effort? The impact of incorporating synchronous lectures into an online course","volume":"19","author":"Olson J. S.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Olson, J. S., & McCracken, F. E. (2015). Is it worth the effort? The impact of incorporating synchronous lectures into an online course. Online Learning, 19(2), n2.","journal-title":"Online Learning"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09639284.2010.529639"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2004.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_1","volume-title":"The no significant difference phenomenon","author":"Russell T. L.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Russell, T. L. (2001). The no significant difference phenomenon (5th ed.). IDECC.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000009859"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_1","volume-title":"Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings","author":"Schmidt F. L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Schmidt, F. L., & Hunter, J. E. (2014). Methods of meta-analysis: Correcting error and bias in research findings. Sage publications."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6570.2006.00049.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0162373709352369"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_61_1","first-page":"353","article-title":"Student perceptions and learning outcomes in asynchronous and synchronous online learning environments in a biology course","volume":"6","author":"Somenarain L.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Somenarain, L., Akkaraju, S., & Gharbaran, R. (2010). Student perceptions and learning outcomes in asynchronous and synchronous online learning environments in a biology course. MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching, 6(2), 353\u2013356.","journal-title":"MERLOT Journal of Online Learning and Teaching"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nedt.2021.105245"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1386\/adch.1.2.69"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_64_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Identifying cognitive processes important to mathematics learning but often overlooked","volume":"67","author":"Turner R.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Turner, R. (2011). Identifying cognitive processes important to mathematics learning but often overlooked. Australian Mathematics Teacher, 67(2), 22\u201326.","journal-title":"Australian Mathematics Teacher"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_67_1","volume-title":"Keeping pace with K-12 digital learning: An annual review of policy and practice","author":"Watson J.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Watson, J., Pape, L., Murin, A., Gemin, B., & Vashaw, L. (2014). Keeping pace with K-12 digital learning: An annual review of policy and practice. Evergreen Education Group."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_68_1","volume-title":"Formulas used by the \"practical meta-analysis effect size calculator\"","author":"Wilson D. B.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wilson, D. B. (2016). Formulas used by the \"practical meta-analysis effect size calculator\". Practical meta-analysis."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_69_1","unstructured":"Xu D. & Jaggars S. (2013). Adaptability to online learning: Differences across types of students and academic subject areas."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9620.2005.00544.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18158162"}],"container-title":["Interactive Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2197953","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,31]],"date-time":"2025-01-31T10:37:36Z","timestamp":1738319856000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2197953"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,13]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10494820.2023.2197953"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2023.2197953","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-4820","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-5191","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=nile20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=nile20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2023-01-05","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-03-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}