{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T03:23:02Z","timestamp":1777951382232,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["www.tandfonline.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Interactive Learning Environments"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/10494820.2025.2529441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T05:35:43Z","timestamp":1756100143000},"page":"1732-1747","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/tandf_crossmark_01","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Synergistic effects of AR and reflective pedagogy: growth and challenges in practical learning among students of varying academic achievement"],"prefix":"10.1080","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1782-0115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Jou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan Normal University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chun","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Taiwan Normal University","place":["Taipei, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanwei","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guilin University","place":["Guilin, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6109-7542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Normal University","place":["Beijing, People\u2019s Republic of China"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chun-Chiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Taiwan Instrument Research Institute","place":["Hsinchu, Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"301","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Reflection: Turning experience into learning","author":"Boud D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Boud, D., Keogh, R., & Walker, D. (1985). Reflection: Turning experience into learning. Routledge."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Differentiating the impact of AR on low- and high-achieving students in technical education","volume":"30","author":"Chen W.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen, W., Hsu, S., & Yang, J. (2022). Differentiating the impact of AR on low- and high-achieving students in technical education. Journal of Educational Technology Research, 30(4), 89\u2013103.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Promoting reflective learning and higher-order cognitive skills through AR in engineering education","volume":"26","author":"Chen W.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, W., Li, X., & Lin, J. (2023). Promoting reflective learning and higher-order cognitive skills through AR in engineering education. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 26(2), 45\u201359.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Augmented reality in education: A systematic review of its affordances and applications","volume":"26","author":"Chen X.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, H. (2023). Augmented reality in education: A systematic review of its affordances and applications. Educational Technology & Society, 26(1), 45\u201362.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10903-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"735","volume-title":"Handbook of research on educational communications and technology","author":"Dunleavy M.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dunleavy, M., & Dede, C. (2020). Augmented reality teaching and learning. In J. M. Spector, M. D. Merrill, J. Elen, & M. J. Bishop (Eds.), Handbook of research on educational communications and technology (4th ed., pp. 735\u2013745). Springer.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","volume-title":"Metacognition","author":"Dunlosky J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Dunlosky, J., & Metcalfe, J. (2009). Metacognition. SAGE Publications."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","first-page":"102","article-title":"Meta-analysis of AR\u2019s impact on K-12 education outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Fraser M.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fraser, M., & King, R. (2023). Meta-analysis of AR\u2019s impact on K-12 education outcomes. Educational Research and Reviews, 78(1), 102\u2013120.","journal-title":"Educational Research and Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Collaborative AR experiences for interdisciplinary education","author":"G\u00f3mez J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez, J., & Bravo, E. (2023). Collaborative AR experiences for interdisciplinary education. Interactive Learning Environments."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","first-page":"1231","article-title":"Overcoming individual learning differences in technical education: Insights from AR-based learning environments","volume":"52","author":"Huang T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Huang, T., & Wu, C. (2021). Overcoming individual learning differences in technical education: Insights from AR-based learning environments. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(5), 1231\u20131248.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2018.05.002"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"312","article-title":"Using AR to bridge academic achievement gaps","volume":"30","author":"Jones P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jones, P., Hsu, S., & Williams, T. (2022). Using AR to bridge academic achievement gaps. Journal of Vocational Education Research, 30(4), 312\u2013329.","journal-title":"Journal of Vocational Education Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/713611442"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","volume-title":"Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development","author":"Kolb D. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kolb, D. A. (2015). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app12136809"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Personalized AR tools for higher education","volume":"20","author":"Lopez R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lopez, R., & Chang, Z. (2023). Personalized AR tools for higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(3), 56\u201371.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","volume-title":"Preparing instructional objectives","author":"Mager R. F.","year":"1962","unstructured":"Mager, R. F. (1962). Preparing instructional objectives. Palo Alto, CA: Fearon Publishers."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","volume-title":"The action learning handbook: Powerful techniques for education, professional development and training","author":"McGill I.","year":"2004","unstructured":"McGill, I., & Brockbank, A. (2004). The action learning handbook: Powerful techniques for education, professional development and training. Routledge Falmer."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","volume-title":"Transformative dimensions of adult learning","author":"Mezirow J.","year":"1991","unstructured":"Mezirow, J. (1991). Transformative dimensions of adult learning. Jossey-Bass."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"102567","article-title":"AR and VR in education: Impact on performance and employability","volume":"4","author":"Miller R.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miller, R., & Smith, D. (2023). AR and VR in education: Impact on performance and employability. Computers & Education Open, 4, 102567.","journal-title":"Computers & Education Open"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","volume-title":"A handbook of reflective and experiential learning: Theory and practice","author":"Moon J. A.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Moon, J. A. (2004). A handbook of reflective and experiential learning: Theory and practice. Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"AR in vocational training and skill certification","volume":"2","author":"Nguyen T.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nguyen, T., & Smith, D. (2023). AR in vocational training and skill certification. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 2(1), 35\u201346.","journal-title":"International Journal of Educational Research Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","first-page":"245","article-title":"Augmented reality and personalized learning: Supporting reflection and cognitive development in technical education","volume":"14","author":"Park Y.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Park, Y., & Kim, E. (2021). Augmented reality and personalized learning: Supporting reflection and cognitive development in technical education. IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies, 14(3), 245\u2013256.","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2021.104207"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","first-page":"187","article-title":"Investigating the role of interactive AR in fostering critical reflection in engineering education","volume":"112","author":"Petrovic J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petrovic, J., Huang, R., & Li, J. (2023). Investigating the role of interactive AR in fostering critical reflection in engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 112(2), 187\u2013205.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration through AR","volume":"39","author":"Petrovic D.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Petrovic, D., Zhang, Y., & Gao, M. (2023). Fostering interdisciplinary collaboration through AR. International Journal of Engineering Education, 39(1), 78\u201395.","journal-title":"International Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"AR\u2019s role in enhancing critical thinking in engineering education","volume":"112","author":"Pineda L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pineda, L., & Ahmed, F. (2023). AR\u2019s role in enhancing critical thinking in engineering education. Journal of Engineering Education, 112(2), 345\u2013362.","journal-title":"Journal of Engineering Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","first-page":"630","article-title":"Assessing AR\u2019s effect on student anxiety and stress","volume":"30","author":"Ramos P.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ramos, P., & Tao, H. (2022). Assessing AR\u2019s effect on student anxiety and stress. Interactive Learning Environments, 30(5), 630\u2013645.","journal-title":"Interactive Learning Environments"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9620.00181"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Problem-based learning with AR in technical education","volume":"54","author":"Rodriguez P.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rodriguez, P., & Wilson, D. (2023). Problem-based learning with AR in technical education. British Journal of Educational Technology, 54(1), 233\u2013250.","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Technology"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","first-page":"562","article-title":"Virtual rewards in AR-based learning","volume":"27","author":"S\u00e1nchez G.","year":"2022","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, G., & Lopez, D. (2022). Virtual rewards in AR-based learning. Education and Information Technologies, 27(3), 562\u2013578.","journal-title":"Education and Information Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","volume-title":"The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action","author":"Sch\u00f6n D. A.","year":"1983","unstructured":"Sch\u00f6n, D. A. (1983). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. Basic Books."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","first-page":"78","article-title":"Collaborative problem-solving through AR","volume":"7","author":"Singh N.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Singh, N., & Sharma, P. (2022). Collaborative problem-solving through AR. Journal of Learning Analytics, 7(2), 78\u201394.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Analytics"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Medical students\u2019 reflection in learning: A study of its effectiveness","volume":"35","author":"Sobral D. T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sobral, D. T. (2001). Medical students\u2019 reflection in learning: A study of its effectiveness. Medical Education, 35(3), 195\u2013200.","journal-title":"Medical Education"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"156","article-title":"Developing students\u2019 spatial skills through AR","volume":"26","author":"Tao H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao, H., & Wang, R. (2023). Developing students\u2019 spatial skills through AR. Educational Technology & Society, 26(3), 156\u2013172.","journal-title":"Educational Technology & Society"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Long-term impact of reflective learning in professional education: A meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Tao Y.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tao, Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Long-term impact of reflective learning in professional education: A meta-analysis. Studies in Higher Education, 48(5), 1034\u20131052.","journal-title":"Studies in Higher Education"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","first-page":"45678","article-title":"Adaptive AR systems tailored to individual learning styles","volume":"11","author":"Wang H.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang, H., & Wu, P. (2023). Adaptive AR systems tailored to individual learning styles. IEEE Access, 11, 45678\u201345695.","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","first-page":"107651","article-title":"Predicting engagement with personalized AR modules","volume":"9","author":"Wilson J.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wilson, J., & Garcia, M. (2023). Predicting engagement with personalized AR modules. Computers in Human Behavior Reports, 9, 107651.","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","first-page":"101354","article-title":"Meta-analysis of AR\u2019s effect on student outcomes","volume":"50","author":"Zhang L.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhang, L., & Fraser, M. (2023). Meta-analysis of AR\u2019s effect on student outcomes. Educational Research Review, 50, 101354.","journal-title":"Educational Research Review"}],"container-title":["Interactive Learning Environments"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10494820.2025.2529441","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T09:48:58Z","timestamp":1777888138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/full\/10.1080\/10494820.2025.2529441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10494820.2025.2529441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10494820.2025.2529441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1049-4820","1744-5191"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1049-4820","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-5191","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"The publishing and review policy for this title is described in its Aims & Scope.","order":1,"name":"peerreview_statement","label":"Peer Review Statement"},{"value":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=nile20","URL":"http:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/action\/journalInformation?show=aimsScope&journalCode=nile20","order":2,"name":"aims_and_scope_url","label":"Aim & Scope"},{"value":"2024-11-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-28","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-08-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}