{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,14]],"date-time":"2025-10-14T14:26:38Z","timestamp":1760451998378},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]],"date-time":"2010-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1272585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3681,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between substance use disorders and comorbid psychiatric conditions was investigated among 425 persons in drug treatment who met DSM\u2010III\u2010R criteria for drug dependence. Using the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule to ascertain DSM\u2010III\u2010R psychiatric disorders among these drug dependent subjects, lifetime prevalence rates were 64% for alcohol abuse\/dependence, 44% for antisocial personality disorder, 39% for phobic disorders, 24% for major depression, 12% for dysthymia, and 10% for generalized anxiety disorder. We found that antisocial personality disorder and phobias generally had onsets prior to the onset of drug dependence (that is, they were primary disorders). The majority of drug dependent persons with generalized anxiety disorder reported an onset after the onset of drug dependence (that is, they had secondary generalized anxiety). Alcohol dependence, depression, and dysthymia were divided nearly evenly between earlier (primary disorder) and later (secondary disorder). These results are consistent with the body of literature indicating the importance of antisocial syndromes in the etiology of substance abuse and the literature indicating the complex, varying nature of the relationship of psychiatric disorders to substance dependence. Finally, a precise nomenclature for \u201cage of onset,\u201d \u201cprimary,\u201d and \u201csecondary\u201d was developed for this study that is critical to understanding these issues and is recommended for other studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490050173190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,7,26]],"date-time":"2002-07-26T16:32:26Z","timestamp":1027701146000},"page":"126-134","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Psychiatric Disorders Among Drug Dependent Subjects: Are They Primary or Secondary?"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"9","author":[{"suffix":"III","given":"Wilson M.","family":"Compton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda B.","family":"Cottler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deborah L.","family":"Phelps","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arbi","family":"Ben Abdallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Edward L.","family":"Spitznagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03450190043026","article-title":"Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse, results from the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study","volume":"262","author":"Regier DA","year":"1990","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800350057008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1980.41.672"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999809001542"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30609-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998609083740"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1982.04290020027006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30610-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_2","first-page":"61","article-title":"Psychopathology in substance abusers and their families","volume":"34","author":"Mirin SM","year":"1988","journal-title":"Resident & Staff Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790340028004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790340045007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","first-page":"404","article-title":"Prevalence of additional psychiatric syndromes among male alcoholics","volume":"43","author":"Powell BJ","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.04390010030004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_2","first-page":"353","article-title":"Psychiatric diagnosis and prediction of drug and alcohol dependence","volume":"43","author":"Croughan JL","year":"1982","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1986.10472349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826088809058842"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1991.01810250045005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1997.01830130077015"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_2","first-page":"470","article-title":"Treatment response in psychiatrically impaired drug abusers","volume":"32","author":"LaPorte DJ","year":"1981","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","unstructured":"SullivanLW.Drug abuse and drug abuse research. 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