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Three mutually exclusive groups were identified: primary cocaine users (n = 287), primary amphetamine users (n = 99), and dual users (cocaine and amphetamines; n = 29). Distinct subtypes were examined with latent class and logistic regression procedures. Cocaine users were distinct from amphetamine users in age and race\/ethnicity. There were four distinct classes of primary cocaine users: non\u2010dependence (15%), compulsive use (14%), tolerance and compulsive use (15%), and physiological dependence (tolerance, withdrawal, and compulsive use; 56%). Three distinct classes of primary amphetamine users were identified: non\u2010dependence (11%), intermediate physiological dependence (31%), and physiological dependence (58%). Regardless of stimulants used, most female users were in the most severe or the physiological dependence group. These results lend support for subtyping dependence in the emerging DSM\u2010V.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490902787031","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,4,1]],"date-time":"2009-04-01T20:43:26Z","timestamp":1238618606000},"page":"206-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Heterogeneity of Stimulant Dependence: A National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network Study"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Li\u2010Tzy","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan G.","family":"Blazer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashwin A.","family":"Patkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maxine L.","family":"Stitzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul G.","family":"Wakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert K.","family":"Brooner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890423349"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.1.41"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","volume-title":"Research Report Series: Methamphetamine Abuse and Addiction","author":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200721100-00005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v21n01_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412984713"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2000.tb02070.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199808000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.2.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.12.1343"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01150.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01612.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.10.1148"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.493"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00164-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10400234"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(93)90061-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802138913"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","volume-title":"The DASIS Report: Primary Methamphetamine\/Amphetamine Treatment Admissions, 1992\u20132002","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","volume-title":"Latent GOLD 4.0 User's Guide","author":"Vermunt JK","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120017246"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","first-page":"184","volume-title":"Clinical Textbook of Addictive Disorders. 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