{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T02:24:49Z","timestamp":1778898289938,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,18]],"date-time":"2010-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1266451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":225,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J Addict"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,7,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A variety of preclinical models have been constructed to emphasize unique aspects of addiction\u2010like behavior. These include Negative Reinforcement (\u201cPain Avoidance\u201d), Positive Reinforcement (\u201cPleasure Seeking\u201d), Incentive Salience (\u201cCraving\u201d), Stimulus Response Learning (\u201cHabits\u201d), and Inhibitory Control Dysfunction (\u201cImpulsivity\u201d). We used a survey to better understand why methamphetamine\u2010dependent research volunteers (N = 73) continue to use methamphetamine, or relapse to methamphetamine use after a period of cessation of use. All participants met DSM\u2010IV criteria for methamphetamine abuse or dependence, and did not meet criteria for other current Axis I psychiatric disorders or dependence on other drugs of abuse, other than nicotine. The questionnaire consisted of a series of face\u2010valid questions regarding drug use, which in this case referred to methamphetamine use. Examples of questions include: \u201cDo you use drugs mostly to make bad feelings like boredom, loneliness, or apathy go away?\u201d, \u201cDo you use drugs mostly because you want to get high?\u201d, \u201cDo you use drugs mostly because of cravings?\u201d, \u201cDo you find yourself getting ready to take drugs without thinking about it?\u201d, and \u201cDo you impulsively take drugs?\u201d. The scale was anchored at 1 (<jats:italic>not at all<\/jats:italic>) and 7 (<jats:italic>very much<\/jats:italic>). For each question, the numbers of participants rating each question negatively (1 or 2), neither negatively or affirmatively (3\u20135), and affirmatively (6 or 7) were tabulated. The greatest number of respondents (56%) affirmed that they used drugs due to \u201cpleasure seeking.\u201d The next highest categories selected were \u201cimpulsivity\u201d (27%) and \u201chabits\u201d(25%). Surprisingly, many participants reported that \u201cpain avoidance\u201d (30%) and \u201ccraving\u201d (30%) were not important for their drug use. Results from this study support the contention that methamphetamine users (and probably other drug users as well) are more heterogeneous than is often appreciated, and imply that treatment development might be more successful if treatments targeted subtypes of patients, though a range of limitations to the approach used are acknowledged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490902925920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,5,14]],"date-time":"2009-05-14T21:18:34Z","timestamp":1242335914000},"page":"294-300","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Theories of Addiction: Methamphetamine Users' Explanations for Continuing Drug Use and Relapse"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Thomas F.","family":"Newton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"II","given":"Richard","family":"De La Garza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ari D.","family":"Kalechstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Desey","family":"Tziortzis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caitlin A.","family":"Jacobsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96131.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10736099"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.105.5.329"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00195-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(96)00438-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002130000559"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0036128"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10029-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.91.2.251"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_11_2","first-page":"445","article-title":"Brain mechanisms of drug reward and euphoria","volume":"3","author":"Wise RA","year":"1985","journal-title":"Psychiatr Med"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(93)90013-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8721.ep10772316"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.54.101601.145237"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0173(01)00088-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2008.0089"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_17_2","first-page":"19","article-title":"Dual determinants of drug use in humans: reward and impulsivity","volume":"50","author":"Wit H","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nebr Symp Motiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(02)00343-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(91)90051-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008877-199512000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00005483"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-6566(87)90036-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00355-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300979"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2005.01160.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490490459915"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_27_2","first-page":"729","article-title":"Evaluation of the cardiovascular and subjective effects of rivastigmine in combination with methamphetamine in methamphetamine\u2010dependent human volunteers","volume":"11","author":"Garza R","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Neuropsychopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)00217-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1098975"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1099020"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_32_2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_5_33_2","first-page":"22","article-title":"The Mini\u2010International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M. 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