{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:01:33Z","timestamp":1790190093754,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"DOI":"10.1080\/10673220902996734","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,6,4]],"date-time":"2009-06-04T13:10:39Z","timestamp":1244121039000},"page":"167-183","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Borderline Personality Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Zimmerman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois Wonsun","family":"Choi-Kain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.5.883","article-title":"H, Grilo C M, Sanislow C A, et al. Two-year prevalence and stability of individual criteria for schizotypal, borderline, avoidant, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorders.","volume":"162","author":"McGlashan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R2-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.929","article-title":"C, Frankenburg F R, Reich D B, Silk K R, Hudson J I, McSweeney L B. The subsyndromal phenomenology of borderline personality disorder: a 10-year follow-up study.","volume":"164","author":"Zanarini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R3-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.2.161","article-title":"C, Gunderson J G, Frankenburg F R, Chauncey D L. Discriminating borderline personality disorder from other Axis II disorders.","volume":"147","author":"Zanarini","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R4-1-20210129","first-page":"958","article-title":"M, Blum N R, Barsky A J. Frequent repeaters in a psychiatric emergency service.","volume":"40","author":"Ellison","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hosp Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"R5-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240055007","article-title":"M, Heard H L, Armstrong H E. Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients.","volume":"50","author":"Linehan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R6-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1563","article-title":"Effectiveness of partial hospitalization in the treatment of borderline personality disorder: a randomized controlled trial.","volume":"156","author":"Bateman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R7-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.158.1.36","article-title":"Treatment of borderline personality disorder with psychoanalytically oriented partial hospitalization: an 18-month follow-up.","volume":"158","author":"Bateman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R8-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1053\/comp.2002.33497","article-title":"S, Monahan P, Black D W. STEPPS: a cognitive-behavioral systems-based group treatment for outpatients with borderline personality disordera preliminary report.","volume":"43","author":"Blum","year":"2002","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"R9-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.6.922","article-title":"F, Levy K N, Lenzenweger M F, Kernberg O F. Evaluating three treatments for borderline personality disorder: a multiwave study.","volume":"164","author":"Clarkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R10-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01324-0","article-title":"E, Gunderson J G, Pfohl B, Widiger T A, Livesley W J, Siever L J. The borderline diagnosis I: psychopathology, comorbidity, and personality structure.","volume":"51","author":"Skodol","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R11-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.73.1.99","article-title":"E, Shea M T, et al. Recent life events preceding suicide attempts in a personality disorder sample: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study.","volume":"73","author":"Yen","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R12-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1080\/13811119808258298","article-title":"L, Haines J, Williams C L. The psychophysiology of self-mutilation: evidence of tension reduction.","volume":"4","author":"Brain","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Suicide Res"},{"key":"R14-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.4.672","article-title":"Stress regulation and self-mutilation.","volume":"159","author":"Sachsse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R15-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2007.01126.x","article-title":"E, Ebner-Priemer U W, Bretz J, et al. Dissociative symptoms are positively related to stress in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"117","author":"Stiglmayr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"R16-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.2004.00398.x","article-title":"E, Skodol A E, Stout R L, et al. Stressful life events as predictors of functioning: findings from the Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study.","volume":"110","author":"Pagano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"R17-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2006.20.3.205","article-title":"J. The relationship of borderline personality disorder, life events and functioning in an Australian psychiatric sample.","volume":"20","author":"Jovev","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Pers Disord"},{"key":"R18-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820240055007","article-title":"M, Heard H L, Armstrong H E. Naturalistic follow-up of a behavioral treatment for chronically parasuicidal borderline patients.","volume":"50","author":"Linehan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R19-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(68)92072-2","article-title":"J, Martin F I, Davies B. Pituitary-adrenal function in depression.","volume":"1","author":"Carroll","year":"1968","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R20-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780260017001","article-title":"J, Feinberg M, Greden J F, et al. A specific laboratory test for the diagnosis of melancholia. Standardization, validation, and clinical utility.","volume":"38","author":"Carroll","year":"1981","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R21-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1985.01790350067012","article-title":"W, Baldessarini J R, Ornsteen M. The dexamethasone suppression test for diagnosis and prognosis in psychiatry.","volume":"42","author":"Arana","year":"1985","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R22-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.11.1618","article-title":"C, Tandon R, Grunhaus L, Greden J F. The DST as a predictor of outcome in depression: a meta-analysis.","volume":"150","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R23-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199006000-00004","article-title":"M, Nussbaum G, Wahby V, Giller E L, Jr., Mason J W. Low urinary cortisol excretion in patients with posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"178","author":"Yehuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R24-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.012","article-title":"Advances in understanding neuroendocrine alteration in PTSD and their therapeutic implications.","volume":"1071","author":"Yehuda","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"suppl 1","key":"R25-1-20210129","first-page":"18","article-title":"Neurobiological consequences of childhood trauma.","volume":"65","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R26-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890310017044","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) in psychiatry: from stress to psychopathology.","volume":"36","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"R27-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2004.11.017","article-title":"Hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system regulation and suicidal behavior in depression.","volume":"57","author":"Pfennig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R28-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.12.001","article-title":"DST non-suppression predicts suicide after attempted suicide.","volume":"150","author":"Jokinen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R29-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.6.837","article-title":"S, Karkowski L M, Prescott C A. Causal relationship between stressful life events and the onset of major depression.","volume":"156","author":"Kendler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R30-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1083968","article-title":"Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene.","volume":"301","author":"Caspi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R31-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401003029","article-title":"M, Ladd C O, Plotsky P M. Early adverse experience as a developmental risk factor for later psychopathology: evidence from rodent and primate models.","volume":"13","author":"Sanchez","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev Psychopathol"},{"key":"R32-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-81265-1_25","article-title":"Influences of the adrenocortical hormones on pituitary and brain function.","volume":"12","year":"1979","journal-title":"Monogr Endocrinol"},{"key":"R33-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.08.002","article-title":"S, Vermetten E, Geuze E, Kavelaars A, Heinknen C J, Westenberg H GM. Assessment of HPA-axis function in posttraumatic stress disorder: pharmacological and non-pharmacological challenge tests, a review.","volume":"40","author":"De Kloet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R34-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2007.10.012","article-title":"Prenatal stress does not alter innate novelty-seeking behavioral traits, but differentially affects individual differences in neuroendocrine stress responsivity.","volume":"33","author":"Clinton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"R35-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2006.06.026","article-title":"Early adversity and alcohol availability persistently modify serotonin and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal-axis metabolism and related behavior: what experimental research on rodents and primates can tell us.","volume":"31","author":"Macri","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"R36-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.09.005","article-title":"M, Smith C, Mathews I Z. Effects of chronic social stress in adolescence on anxiety and neuroendocrine response to mild stress in male and female rats.","volume":"187","author":"McCormick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R37-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2007.09.029","article-title":"L, Ortega E, Gomez F, Del Cerro M C. Environmental prenatal stress alters sexual dimorphism of maternal behavior in rats.","volume":"187","author":"Perez-Laso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav Brain Res"},{"key":"R38-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1053\/scnp.2002.33127","article-title":"B. Neurobiology of early life stress: clinical studies.","volume":"7","author":"Heim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"R39-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.162.3.299","article-title":"Long-term outcome in personality disorders.","volume":"162","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R40-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800010022003","article-title":"The Chestnut Lodge follow-up study. III. Long-term outcome of borderline personalities.","volume":"43","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch Gen Psychiatry"},{"key":"R41-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-440X(89)90067-9","article-title":"C, Gunderson J G, Frankenburg F R. Axis I phenomenology of borderline personality disorder.","volume":"30","author":"Zanarini","year":"1989","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"R42-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.154.8.1101","article-title":"C, Williams A A, Lewis R E, et al. Reported pathological childhood experiences associated with the development of borderline personality disorder.","volume":"154","author":"Zanarini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R43-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.155.12.1733","article-title":"C, Frankenburg F R, Dubo E D, et al. Axis I comorbidity of borderline personality disorder.","volume":"155","author":"Zanarini","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R44-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010-440X(99)90123-2","article-title":"I. Axis I diagnostic comorbidity and borderline personality disorder.","volume":"40","author":"Zimmerman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatry"},{"key":"R45-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.5.733","article-title":"E, Oldham J M, Gallaher P E. Axis II comorbidity of substance use disorders among patients referred for treatment of personality disorders.","volume":"156","author":"Skodol","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R46-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v65n1211","article-title":"The association between borderline personality disorder and chronic medical illnesses, poor health-related lifestyle choices, and costly forms of health care utilization.","volume":"65","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R47-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39223.x","article-title":"Corticosteroids and hippocampal plasticity.","volume":"746","author":"McEwen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R48-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026021307833","article-title":"Stress and plasticity in the limbic system.","volume":"28","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"R49-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0173(90)90012-D","article-title":"Physiological and behavioral responses to corticotrophin-releasing factor administration: is CRF a mediator of anxiety or stress responses.","volume":"15","year":"1990","journal-title":"Brain Res Brain Res Rev"},{"key":"R50-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1038\/74263","article-title":"L, Contarino A, Smith G W, et al. Mice deficient for corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor-2 display anxiety-like behaviour and are hypersensitive to stress.","volume":"24","author":"Bale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R52-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1159\/000125400","article-title":"Glucocorticoid endangerment of the hippocampus: tissue, steroid and receptor specificity.","volume":"51","year":"1990","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"R53-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00009-8","article-title":"Does stress damage the brain.","volume":"45","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R54-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1159\/000012274","article-title":"A. Psychosomatic aspects of Cushings disease.","volume":"67","author":"Sonino","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychother Psychosom"},{"key":"R55-1-20210129","first-page":"123","article-title":"Depression and endocrine disorders: focus on the thyroid and adrenal system.","volume":"30","year":"1996","journal-title":"Br J Psych Suppl"},{"key":"R56-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2005.08.006","article-title":"P, Ostrander M M, Mueller N K, Figueiredo H. Limbic system mechanisms of stress regulation: hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis.","volume":"29","author":"Herman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R57-1-20210129","first-page":"6","article-title":"J, Filogonio M G, Prasad R B. Letter to the editor.","volume":"140","author":"Val","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R59-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199903000-00006","article-title":"M, Gaab J, Schommer N C, Hellhammer D H. Impact of gender, menstrual cycle phase, and oral contraceptives on the activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis.","volume":"61","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychosom Med"},{"key":"R60-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e3281e38808","article-title":"Effects of nutrition on neuro-endocrine stress responses.","volume":"10","author":"Rohleder","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"R61-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(03)00078-1","article-title":"X. Obesity and endocrine disease.","volume":"32","author":"Kokkoris","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am"},{"key":"R62-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3106","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1056","article-title":"On the interactions of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sleep: normal HPA axis activity and circadian rhythm, exemplary sleep disorders.","volume":"90","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R63-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01395-1","article-title":"R, Wouters L, Goekoop J G, DeRijk R H, van den Brink W. Hyperresponsiveness of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to combined dexamethasonecorticotropin-releasing hormone challenge in female borderline personality disorder subjects with a history of sustained child abuse.","volume":"52","author":"Rinne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R64-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2005.02.009","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppression test in borderline personality disordereffects of posttraumatic stress disorder.","volume":"30","author":"Lange","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychoendocrinology"},{"key":"R65-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2005.11.014","article-title":"A preliminary study of cortisol and norepinephrine reactivity to psychosocial stress in borderline personality disorder with high and low dissociation.","volume":"149","author":"Simeon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R66-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2004.04.002","article-title":"E, Kahl K G, et al. Increased diurnal salivary cortisol in women with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"38","author":"Lieb","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R67-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.022590","article-title":"L, Diaz-Marsa M, Pastrana J I, et al. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response in borderline personality disorder without post-traumatic features.","volume":"190","author":"Carrasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R68-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/01.NMD.0000061140.93952.28","article-title":"M, Axelrod S R, Wang S, et al. Twenty-four-hour urine cortisol in combat veterans with PTSD and comorbid borderline personality disorder.","volume":"191","author":"Southwick","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R69-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.me.42.020191.002511","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in psychiatric disorders.","volume":"42","year":"1991","journal-title":"Annu Rev Med"},{"key":"R70-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.144.10.1253","article-title":"The dexamethasone suppression test: an overview of its current status in psychiatry.","volume":"144","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R72-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1002\/ardp.200600021","article-title":"A, McCluskey A, Morgan J, OConnor S M. The role of the HPA axis in psychiatric disorders and CRF antagonists as potential treatments.","volume":"339","author":"Keller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch Pharm (Weinheim)"},{"key":"R73-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30938-9","article-title":"J, Greden J F, Feinberg M, et al. Neuroendocrine evaluation of depression in borderline patients.","volume":"4","author":"Carroll","year":"1981","journal-title":"Psychiatr Clin North Am"},{"key":"R74-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4530(83)90028-8","article-title":"A, Fleming J, Extein I, Pottash A L, Gold M S. The dexamethasone suppression and thyrotropin-releasing hormone tests in depressed borderline patients.","volume":"8","author":"Sternbach","year":"1983","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"R75-1-20210129","first-page":"907","article-title":"Distinguishing subtypes within the borderline domain: a combined neuroendocrine approach.","volume":"19","author":"Steiner","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R76-1-20210129","first-page":"150","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppression test and Axis I diagnoses of inpatients with DSM-III borderline personality disorder.","volume":"45","author":"Baxter","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R77-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198405000-00009","article-title":"R, Kline M D, Pies R W, Manring J M. Jr. Dexamethasone suppression test in hospitalized depressed patients with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"172","author":"Beeber","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R78-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1621","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.139.12.1621","article-title":"H, George A, Nathan R S. The dexamethasone suppression test in patients with borderline personality disorders.","volume":"139","author":"Soloff","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R79-1-20210129","first-page":"1149","article-title":"R, Davidson J R, Rayasam K, Shope F. The dexamethasone suppression test in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"19","author":"Krishnan","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R80-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(88)90154-0","article-title":"EEG sleep, lithium transport, dexamethasone suppression, and monoamine oxidase activity in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"25","author":"Lahmeyer H W, Val","year":"1988","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R81-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1177\/070674379103600106","article-title":"The dexamethasone suppression test in borderlines: is it useful.","volume":"36","author":"Korzekwa","year":"1991","journal-title":"Can J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R82-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(95)00394-0","article-title":"De l a, Fuente J M, Mendlewicz J. TRH stimulation and dexamethasone suppression in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"40","year":"1996","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R83-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02924.x","article-title":"Multiple neuroendocrinological responses in borderline personality disorder patients.","volume":"76","author":"Kontaxakis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"R84-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2000.102004256.x","article-title":"H, Grilo C M, Skodol A E, et al. The Collaborative Longitudinal Personality Disorders Study: baseline Axis III and IIII diagnostic co-occurrence.","volume":"102","author":"McGlashan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"R86-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.150.1.19","article-title":"The phenomenological and conceptual interface between borderline personality disorder and PTSD.","volume":"150","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R88-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.7.1291","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppression test findings in subjects with personality disoders: associations with posttraumatic stress disorder and major depression.","volume":"160","author":"Grossman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R89-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20396","article-title":"Stability of the dexamethasone suppression test in borderline personality disorder with and without comorbid PTSD: a one-year follow-up study.","volume":"63","author":"Wingenfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R90-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1819.2007.01728.x","article-title":"Dexamethasone suppression test in borderline personality disorder: impact of PTSD symptoms.","volume":"61","author":"Wingenfeld","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R91-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3956(94)90017-5","article-title":"The combined dexamethsoneCRH test: a refined laboratory test for psychiatric disorders.","volume":"28","author":"Heuser","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R92-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2007.08.006","article-title":"A combined dexamethsonecorticotropin releasing hormone test in patients with chronic PTSDfirst preliminary results.","volume":"42","author":"Muhtz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R93-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1159\/000119004","article-title":"M, Hellhammer D H. The Trier Social Stress Test: a tool for investigating psychobiological stress responses in a laboratory setting.","volume":"28","author":"Kirschbaum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuropsychobiology"},{"key":"R94-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.5.827","article-title":"C, Frankenburg F R, Hennen J, Reich D B, Silk K R. Prediction of the 10-year course of borderline personality disorder.","volume":"163","author":"Zanarini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R95-1-20210129","first-page":"217","article-title":"W, Reynolds C F, III, Kupfer D J, King R. Biologic markers in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"50","author":"Lahmeyer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"key":"R96-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2005.08.011","article-title":"D. Neuroimaging in borderline personality disorder.","volume":"40","author":"Schmahl","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R97-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(02)00084-5","article-title":"Positron emission tomography in female patients with borderline personality disorder.","volume":"37","author":"Juengling F D, Schmahl","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R98-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2006.01429.x","article-title":"M, Grossman A B, et al. Do corticosteroids damage the brain.","volume":"18","author":"Herbert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroendocrinol"},{"key":"R99-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.05.008","article-title":"A, Lenzenweger M F, Clarkin J F, Hoermann S, Stanley B. Executive neurocognition, memory systems, and borderline personality disorder.","volume":"26","author":"Fertuck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"R100-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1314.006","article-title":"Glucocorticoid programming.","volume":"1032","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"key":"R101-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-3223(89)90183-2","article-title":"M, Bissette G, Nemeroff C B. Elevated CSF CRF in suicide victims.","volume":"25","author":"Arato","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R102-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01157-X","article-title":"B. The role of childhood trauma in the neurobiology of mood and anxiety disorders: preclinical and clinical studies.","volume":"49","author":"Heim","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R103-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(25)06673-6","article-title":"Physiology and pharmacology of corticotropin-releasing factor.","volume":"43","year":"1991","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"R104-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6079","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.97.11.6079","article-title":"E, Weld K P, Rice K C, et al. Oral administration of a corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor antagonist significantly attenuates behavioral, neuroendocrine, and autonomic responses to stress in primates.","volume":"97","author":"Habib","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R105-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1002\/ajp.20385","article-title":"A, Fite J E, Jensen H, et al. Treatment with CRH-1 antagonist antalarmin reduces behavioral and endocrine responses to social stressors in marmosets (Callithrix kuhlii).","volume":"69","author":"French","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Primatol"},{"key":"R106-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3956(00)00016-9","article-title":"W, Nickel T, Kunzel H E, et al. Effects of the high-affinity corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1 antagonist R121919 in major depression: the first 20 patients treated.","volume":"34","author":"Zobel","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"R107-1-20210129","first-page":"171","article-title":"Early stress and adult emotional reactivity in rhesus monkeys.","volume":"156","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ciba Found Symp"},{"key":"R108-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(92)90459-M","article-title":"S, Gold P, Herkenham M, Lynn A, Whitfeld H J. The antidepressants fluoxetine, idazoxan, and phenelzine alter corticotrophin releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA levels in rat brain: therapeutic implications.","volume":"572","author":"Brady","year":"1992","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R109-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI115086","article-title":"S, Whitfeld H J, Fox R J, Gold P W, Herkenham M. Long-term antidepressant administration alters cortico- trophin-releasing hormone, tyrosine hydroxylase and mineralocorticoid receptor gene expression in rat brain. Therapeutic implications.","volume":"87","author":"Brady","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R110-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(93)90002-X","article-title":"C, Lewis N, Langohr J L, et al. Effect of desipramine on cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of corticotrophin-releasing factor in human subjects.","volume":"46","author":"Veith","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R111-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2601","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.82.8.4172","article-title":"Chronic imipramine is associated with diminished hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis responsivity in healthy humans.","volume":"82","author":"Michelson","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Clin Endrocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R112-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14293","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2336126100","article-title":"B, Heim C M, Thase M E, et al. Differential responses to psychotherapy in patients with chronic forms of major depression and childhood trauma.","volume":"100","author":"Nemeroff","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R113-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8721.2007.00481.x","article-title":"Corticotropin-releasing factor and the psychobiology of early-life stress.","volume":"16","year":"2007","journal-title":"Curr Dir Psychol Sci"},{"key":"R114-1-20210129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.01.026","article-title":"G, Stout R L, Sanislow S A, et al. New episodes and new onsets of major depression in borderline and other personality disorders.","volume":"111","author":"Gunderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"}],"container-title":["Harvard Review of Psychiatry"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.1080\/10673220902996734","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T22:32:16Z","timestamp":1739140336000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/00023727-200905000-00001"}},"subtitle":["A Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]},"references-count":108,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10673220902996734","relation":{},"ISSN":["1067-3229"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1067-3229","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,5]]}}}