{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T00:49:26Z","timestamp":1771030166067,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Uveal melanocytes and the ocular pigment epithelium are located in the middle and inner layers of the eye. M\u00fcller cells (a type of glial cell) are located in the neural retina. Melanocytes, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and M\u00fcller cells do not participate directly in the detection or transfer of visual information, but they have various functions that support the neural retina and are essential for the maintenance of vision. Methods for the isolation and cultivation of melanocytes, RPE, and M\u00fcller cells have been established by us and other investigators. These cultured cells can be used as in vitro model systems for studying the toxicology of visible light, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, drugs, and other potentially toxic agents. Toxic effects on these cells may give rise to altered retinal function and result in impaired vision. Both melanocytes and pigment epithelium contain melanin, which has the ability to bind organic amines and metal ions. This results in the accumulation of these substances in the eye. Melanin may protect cells from chemical stress by binding toxic chemicals; but in chronic exposure, increased and lengthy binding may cause damage to these cells. Two different types of melanin are found in the eye: eumelanin and pheomelanin, which may have photoprotective and phototoxic effects, respectively. Pigment epithelium contains mainly eumelanin, whereas melanocytes contain both eumelanin and pheomelanin. Melanin is an antioxidant and with age, the antioxidant properties may diminish to the point that it may even become a prooxidant. There are also other functions of pigment epithelium and uveal melanocytes not related to melanin and there are also several functions of M\u00fcller cells that play a role in the toxicological aspects of the eye. Cultured uveal melanocytes, pigment epithelial cells, and M\u00fcller cells can be used to study the toxicology of these cells in vitro. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810290169891","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,1,17]],"date-time":"2003-01-17T03:27:27Z","timestamp":1042774047000},"page":"465-472","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Uveal Melanocytes, Ocular Pigment Epithelium, and M\u00fcller Cells in Culture: In Vitro Toxicology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dan-Ning","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Culture Center, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Howard E.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, The New York Eye and Ear Infirmary, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan E.","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fordham University, Department of Natural Sciences, New York, New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00947059"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.1993.Supplement_17.27"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5137-5_4"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(90)90003-4"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2741\/Bringman"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1999.tb07986.x"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(90)90003-D"},{"key":"atypb8","first-page":"1309","volume":"11","author":"Flood, M. T.","year":"1981","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"atypb9","first-page":"740","volume":"37","author":"Guidy, C.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"atypb10","first-page":"81","volume":"13","author":"Hu, D. N.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Res."},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"125","volume-title":"Myopia updates II","author":"Hu, D. N.","year":"2000"},{"key":"atypb12","first-page":"67","volume":"18","author":"Hu, D. N.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Birth Defect Orig. Artic. Ser."},{"key":"atypb13","first-page":"931","volume":"36","author":"Hu, D. N.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"atypb14","first-page":"2210","volume":"34","author":"Hu, D. N.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1076\/ceyr.16.2.96.5093"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2302\/kjm.44.9"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01330-X"},{"key":"atypb18","first-page":"3444","volume":"41","author":"Kawasaki, A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"atypb19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4835(91)90229-8"},{"key":"atypb20","first-page":"373","volume-title":"The pigment system: Physiology and pathophysiology","author":"Larsson, B. S.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.1998.1243"},{"key":"atypb22","first-page":"S462","volume":"40","author":"Muldoon, T. O.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"atypb23","first-page":"398","volume-title":"Principles and practice of ophthalmology: Basic sciences","author":"Newman, E. A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"458","volume":"103","author":"Newsome, D. A.","year":"1983","journal-title":"Tran. Ophthalmol. Soc. U.K."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/exer.1998.0518"},{"key":"atypb26","first-page":"307","volume-title":"Dermatotoxicology","author":"Roberts, J. E.","year":"1996","edition":"5"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1562\/0031-8655(2002)075<0184:TROAIP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00395-X"},{"key":"atypb29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/1011-1344(92)85027-R","volume":"12","author":"Sarna, T.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol."},{"key":"atypb30","first-page":"333","volume-title":"The pigment system: Physiology and pathophysiology","author":"Sarna, T.","year":"1998"},{"key":"atypb31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(89)90138-9"},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/02713689608995139"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-011-5137-5_1"},{"key":"atypb34","first-page":"S822","volume":"33","author":"Yoshimura, N.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10915810290169891","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10915810290169891","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T18:32:43Z","timestamp":1741631563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/10915810290169891"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10915810290169891"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10915810290169891","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-5818","1092-874X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-5818","type":"print"},{"value":"1092-874X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}}}