{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:24:22Z","timestamp":1777717462090,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Studies conducted under the auspices of International Life Sciences Institute (ILSI) have suggested that an alternative mouse carcinogenicity study may be substituted for the traditional 2-year mouse bioassay typically conducted to support the development of drug candidates. The purpose of this study was to characterize the carcinogenic potential of N-methyl- N-nitrosourea (MNU), a DNA alkylating agent, in p53\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    knockout mice to determine its suitability as a positive control agent in an alternative carcinogenicity model. p53\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    knockout mice were administered a single oral dose of 90 mg\/kg and maintained for up to 13 weeks prior to evaluation of neoplasms. Treatment was generally well tolerated; however, 4 of 30 mice died between the days of 75 and 92 due to neoplasms. MNU-related macroscopic observations included enlargement of the thymus, spleen, mandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes; and pale liver, heart, kidney, and bone marrow, which correlated with the diagnosis of lymphoma of the hematopoietic system, noted in the thymus of all affected animals and in the spleen, liver, lungs, and kidneys of some animals. Other treatment-related single neoplasms included a squamous-cell carcinoma in the nonglandular stomach and leiomyosarcoma in the glandular stomach. Non-neoplastic proliferative lesions included acanthosis and hyperkeratosis in the nonglandular stomach, focal papillary hyperplasia of the nonglandular stomach, glandular hyperplasia of the stomach, and adenomatous hyperplasia of the duodenum or ileum. The increased incidence of neoplastic and proliferative changes in MNU-treated mice suggests MNU could serve as a positive control in alternative carcinogenicity studies conducted in p53\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:sup>\/\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    knockout mice.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810500210385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,10,28]],"date-time":"2005-10-28T11:48:42Z","timestamp":1130500122000},"page":"349-356","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Studies Evaluating the Utility of\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -Methyl-\n                    <i>N<\/i>\n                    -Nitrosourea as a Positive Control in Carcinogenicity Studies in the p53\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    <i>\n                      <sup>\/\u2013<\/sup>\n                    <\/i>\n                    Mouse"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Debie J.","family":"Hoivik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane S.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jane Allen Consulting, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henry G.","family":"Wall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James B.","family":"Nold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard T.","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Santostefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GlaxoSmithKline, Safety Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"b1-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.27.147"},{"key":"b2-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230252824842"},{"key":"b3-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1201384"},{"key":"b4-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.2940070305"},{"key":"b5-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/80.5.325"},{"key":"b6-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230309800"},{"key":"b7-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/356215a0"},{"key":"b8-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1741031"},{"key":"b9-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/019262301753178456"},{"key":"b10-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-60996-1_62"},{"key":"b11-0240349","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.6.1211"},{"key":"b12-0240349","unstructured":"ILSI HESI Study1997Twenty-Six Week Carcinogenicity Study in CB6F1-TGHras2 Mice. 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