{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T10:24:25Z","timestamp":1777717465423,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":147,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]],"date-time":"2005-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1125532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Methacrylate ester monomers are used in as artificial nail builders in nail enhancement products. They undergo rapid polymerization to form a hard material on the nail that is then shaped. While Ethyl Methacrylate is the primary monomer used in nail enhancement products, other methacrylate esters are also used. This safety assessment addresses 22 other methacrylate esters reported by industry to be present in small percentages as artificial nail builders in cosmetic products. They function to speed up polymerization and\/or form cross-links. Only Tetrahydrofurfuryl Methacrylate was reported to the FDA to be in current use. The polymerization rates of these methacrylate esters are within the same range as Ethyl Methacrylate. While data are not available on all of these methacrylate esters, the available data demonstrated little acute oral, dermal, or i.p. toxicity. In a 28-day inhalation study on rats, Butyl Methacrylate caused upper airway irritation; the NOAEL was 1801 mg\/m3. In a 28-day oral toxicity study on rats, t-Butyl Methacrylate had a NOAEL of 20 mg\/kg\/day. Beagle dogs dosed with 0.2 to 2.0 g\/kg\/day of C12 to C18 methacrylate monomers for 13 weeks exhibited effects only in the highest dose group: weight loss, emesis, diarrhea, mucoid feces, or salivation were observed. Butyl Methacrylate (0.1 M) and Isobutyl Methacrylate(0.1M)are mildly irritating to the rabbit eye. HEMA is corrosive when instilled in the rabbit eye, while PEG-4 Dimethacrylate and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate are minimally irritating to the eye. Dermal irritation caused by methacry-lates is documented in guinea pigs and rabbits. In guinea pigs, HEMA, Isopropylidenediphenyl Bisglycidyl Methacrylate, Lauryl Methacrylate, and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate are strong sensitizers; Butyl Methacrylate, Cyclohexyl Methacrylate, Hexyl Methacrylate, and Urethane Methacrylate are moderate sensitiz-ers; Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate is a weak sensitizer; and PEG-4 Dimethacrylate and Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylateare not sensitizers. Ethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate was not a sensitizer in one guinea pig study, but was a strong sensitizer in another. There is cross-reactivity between various methacrylate esters in some sensitization tests. Inhaled Butyl Methacrylate, HEMA, Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate, and Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate can be developmental toxicants at high exposure levels (1000 mg\/kg\/day). None of the methacrylate ester monomers that were tested were shown to have any endocrine disrupting activity. These methacry-late esters are mostly non-mutagenic in bacterial test systems, but weak mutagenic responses were seen in mammalian cell test systems. Chronic dermal exposure of mice to PEG-4 Dimethacrylate (25 mg, 2\u00d7 weekly for 80 weeks) or Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate (25 mg, 2\u00d7 weekly for 80 weeks) did not result in increased incidence of skin or visceral tumors. The carcinogenic-ity of Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate (5, 25, or 50%) was assessed in a mouse skin painting study (50 \u00b5l for 5 days\/week for 78 weeks), but was not carcinogenic at any dose level tested. The Expert Panel was concerned about the strong sensitization and cross-or co-reactivity potential of the methacrylate esters reviewed in this report. However, data demonstrated the rates of polymerization of these Methacrylates were similar to that of Ethyl Methacrylate and there would be little monomer available exposure to the skin. In consideration of the animal toxicity data, the CIR Expert Panel decided that these methacrylate esters should be restricted to the nail and must not be in contact with the skin. Accordingly, these methacrylate esters are safe as used in nail enhancement products when skin contact is avoided.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810500434209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2006,4,25]],"date-time":"2006-04-25T08:02:46Z","timestamp":1145952166000},"page":"53-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Methacrylate Ester Monomers Used in Nail Enhancement Products1"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","unstructured":"American Beauty Association\/Nail Manufacturers Council (ABA\/NMC). 2001a. Re: Butyl, Isobutyl, and Lauryl Methacrylate, 34 p."},{"key":"atypb2","unstructured":"American Beauty Association (ABA). 2001b. Data submitted by ABA, Nail Manufacturers Council: Injury Report Submitted by Consumers (to FDA) for the Years 1987-1993, 5 p."},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398609530916"},{"key":"atypb4","unstructured":"American Industrial Hygiene Association. 1981. Workplace environmental exposure level guide: trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate.\n                      Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J.\n                      42: B-51-B-52."},{"key":"atypb5","unstructured":"Assessment Technologies, Inc. 1994. An environmental fate and ecotoxicology assessment of several methacrylic acid esters, with cover letter dated 06\/16\/94. NTIS Report No. OTS0557437."},{"key":"atypb6","unstructured":"Assessment Technologies, Inc. 1996. Methacrylates: an environmental assessment. NTIS Report No. OTS0558768."},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.7511141"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480548608998280"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"Biodynamics Inc. 1981. Initial submission: an acute intraperitoneal toxicity study of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate in rats with cover letter dated 090492. NTIS Report No. OTS0571319."},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.2340\/0001555560528531","volume":"60","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta. Derm. Venerol."},{"key":"atypb11","first-page":"264","volume":"64","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta. Derm. Venerol."},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00148.x"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00938.x"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1984.tb00990.x"},{"key":"atypb15","first-page":"242","volume":"43","year":"2000","journal-title":"Contact. Derm."},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0109-5641(00)00011-7"},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"British Petroleum Company. 1981. Initial submission: irritation and mutagenic-ity tests of hydroxyethyl methacrylate and related studies with cover letter dated 082892. NTIS Report No. OTS0556083."},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"Brixham Environmental Lab. 1992. N-butyl methacrylate: determination of octanol water partition coefficient. NTIS Report No. OTS0537781."},{"key":"atypb19","unstructured":"Bushy Run Research Center. 1995. Initial submission: draft report, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate-carcinogenesis skin painting study in male mice, with cover letter dated 06\/26\/95. NTIS Report No. OTS0557901."},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/em.2850170408"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0883-5403(94)90085-X"},{"key":"atypb22","unstructured":"ChemID. 2000. Butyl Methacrylate and Lauryl Methacrylate entries.\n                      ChemID. database.\n                      Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"ChemIDplus. 2001. Isobutyl Methacrylate entry.\n                      ChemID. database.\n                      Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"154","volume":"71","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Cataract. Refract. Surg."},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12492663"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480548409042817"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01107.x"},{"key":"atypb28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1986.tb01345.x"},{"key":"atypb29","unstructured":"Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR). 1999. Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Ethyl Methacrylate. Washington: CIR (23 pages)."},{"key":"atypb30","unstructured":"CIR. 2001. Final Report of the Safety Assessment of Methacrylic Acid. Washington: CIR (25 pages)."},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"Creative Nail Design. 2001. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis of twenty-two methacrylate monomers used in artificial monomer\/polymer nail enhancement products. Unpublished data prepared by Schoon D dated 08\/29\/01 and submitted by Creative Nail Design (12 pages)."},{"key":"atypb32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0142-9612(91)90047-E"},{"key":"atypb33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/4.5.381"},{"key":"atypb34","first-page":"343","volume":"23","year":"1941","journal-title":"Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology"},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"Eastman Kodak Co. 1984. Basic toxicity of a butyl methacrylate solution. NTIS Report No. OTS0516721."},{"key":"atypb36","unstructured":"EI Dupont de Nemours & Co. 1976. Laboratory report on methacrylic acid, 2-isocyanatoethyl ester mixes. NTIS Report No. OTS0530198."},{"key":"atypb37","unstructured":"EI Dupont de Nemours & Co. 1993. Acute oral toxicity study with n-butyl methacrylate in male and female rats. 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Concentration and frequency of use of cosmetic ingredients.\n                      FDA database.\n                      Washington, DC: FDA."},{"key":"atypb45","unstructured":"FDA. 2001. Frequency of use of cosmetic ingredients.\n                      FDA database.\n                      Washington, DC: FDA."},{"key":"atypb46","first-page":"229","volume":"69","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"atypb47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb02071.x"},{"key":"atypb48","first-page":"1","volume":"27","year":"1970","journal-title":"Brit. J. Industr. Med."},{"key":"atypb49","unstructured":"General Electric Company. 1975. TSCA 8(e) Submittal Case #3: Acute inhalation toxicity in the albino rat AR 85124-Isobutyl Methacrylate. NTIS Report No. OTS0535667."},{"key":"atypb50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110030401"},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4636(19980905)41:3<474::AID-JBM18>3.0.CO;2-I"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4636(20011215)57:4<497::AID-JBM1195>3.0.CO;2-U"},{"key":"atypb53","first-page":"1","volume":"7","year":"1987","journal-title":"Toxic. Substances. Journal."},{"key":"atypb54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0045-6535(95)00136-V"},{"key":"atypb55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.19.245"},{"key":"atypb56","unstructured":"Haskell Laboratory. 1969. Initial submission: skin irritation and sensitization tests of triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol diacrylate, tri-ethylene glycol in guinea pigs with cover letter dated 10\/15\/92. NTIS Report No. OTS0555867."},{"key":"atypb57","unstructured":"Haskell Laboratories. 1977a. Two week subacute inhalation studies-n-butyl methacrylate. NTIS Report No. OTS0520964."},{"key":"atypb58","unstructured":"Haskell Laboratories. 1977b. Eye irritation test in rabbits. NTIS Report No. OTS0520965."},{"key":"atypb59","unstructured":"Haskell Laboratories. 1977c. Mutagenic activity of methacrylic acid, n-butyl ester in the salmonella\/microsome assay. NTIS Report No. OTS0520966."},{"key":"atypb60","unstructured":"Haskell Laboratories. 1993a. Inhalation sensory irritation (RD50) study in mice with selected methacrylates and methacrylic acid. NTIS Report No. OTS0556655."},{"key":"atypb61","unstructured":"Haskell Laboratories. 1993b. Inhalation median lethal concentration (LC50) studies with methacrylates in rats: methacrylic acid, butyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate. NTIS Report No. OTS0556663."},{"key":"atypb62","unstructured":"Hazardous Substances Database (HSDB). 2000. Butyl Methacrylate and Lauryl Methacrylate entries.\n                      HSDB database.\n                      Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"atypb63","unstructured":"HSDB. 2001. Isobutyl Methacrylate, Cyclohexyl Methacrylate, n-Hexyl Methacrylate, Ethylene Methacrylate, 2-Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate, Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate, Isobornyl Methacrylate, Triethylene Glycol Dimethacrylate, Tetrahydrofurfuryl Methacrylate entries.\n                      HSDB database.\n                      Bethesda, MD: National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"atypb64","unstructured":"Hazelton Laboratories. 1961. Initial submission: acute oral toxicity study with 2-Hydroxypropyl Methacrylate in rats with cover letter dated 072192. NTIS Report No. OTS0544834."},{"key":"atypb65","unstructured":"Hazelton Laboratories. 1982. Initial submission: maternal tolerance study in rats with cover letter dated 102792. NTIS Report No. OTS0546549."},{"key":"atypb66","unstructured":"Hazelton Laboratories. 1983. Initial submission: letter from Rhone-Poulenc Inc to USEPA regarding teratology screen studies of various compounds in rats with attachments and cover letter dated 102792. NTIS Report No. OTS0571218."},{"key":"atypb67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-1218(96)90060-9"},{"key":"atypb68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0190-9622(96)90600-3"},{"key":"atypb69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1997.tb00405.x"},{"key":"atypb70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.18.76"},{"key":"atypb71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9673(00)96047-3","volume":"325","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr."},{"key":"atypb72","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). 1994. Methyl Methacry-late.\n                      IARC Monogr. Eval. Carcinog. Risks. Hum.\n                      60:445-474."},{"key":"atypb73","unstructured":"Industrial Bio-Test Labs. 1973. Report to Celanese Chemical Company: acute toxicity studies with Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate. NTIS Report No. OTS 0000544-0."},{"key":"atypb74","unstructured":"Industrial Bio-Test Labs. 1974. Report to Celanese Chemical Company: skin sensitization test with Trimethylolpropane Trimethacrylate in albino guinea pigs. NTIS Report No. OTS 0000544-0."},{"key":"atypb75","unstructured":"Jackson, E. M. 2001. A structure activity relationship (SAR) analysis of the genotoxic potential of butyl, isobutyl, and lauryl methacrylate. Unpublished data submittedbythe Nail Manufacturers Council, May 15, 2001. (30 pages)."},{"key":"atypb76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0536.1995.tb00469.x"},{"key":"atypb77","first-page":"624","volume":"74","year":"1989","journal-title":"Obstet. 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Initial submission: mutagenicity evaluation of trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate in the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay with cover letter dated 090492. NTIS Report No. OTS0571726."},{"key":"atypb95","unstructured":"Litton Bionetics Inc. 1985. Mutagenicity evaluation of ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and bisglycidyl methacrylate in the mouse lymphoma forward mutation assay (final reports) with cover letter 031286. NTIS Report No. OTS0000367-2."},{"key":"atypb96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-6915(97)80198-6"},{"key":"atypb97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1979.04010010068024"},{"key":"atypb98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1979.tb01648.x"},{"key":"atypb99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/faat.1994.1061"},{"key":"atypb100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(96)03540-8"},{"key":"atypb101","unstructured":"Methacrylate Producers Association. 1998. Request for review of methacrylic acid and its basic esters. 3 pages."},{"key":"atypb102","unstructured":"Ministry of Health and Welfare: Japan. 1998. Initial submission: Letter from Methacrylate Producers Association Inc to USEPA Re: summaries of methacrylate toxicity studies conducted in Japan, with attachments and cover letter dated 8\/21\/1999. NTIS Report No. OTS0559766."},{"key":"atypb103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600620515"},{"key":"atypb104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600620804"},{"key":"atypb105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.2600630313"},{"key":"atypb106","unstructured":"Mobil Oil Corporation. 1990. An Ames Salmonella\/mammalian microsome mu-tagenesis preincubation assay for the determination of potential mutagenicity of butyl methacrylate. NTIS Report No. OTS0522348."},{"key":"atypb107","unstructured":"Mobil Oil Corporation. 1991. 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Three month dietary administration-rats-C12-C18 methacrylate monomers. (Submitted by EPA in response to an FOI request-2000, 53 pages)."},{"key":"atypb121","unstructured":"Rohm and Haas Co. 1980. Initial submission: report on genetic toxicity study with 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid, 1,2-ethanediyl ester in\n                      Salmonella typhimurium\n                      with cover letter dated 081092. NTIS Report No. OTS0544418."},{"key":"atypb122","unstructured":"Rohm and Haas Co. 1981. Initial submission: acute range-finding rabbit eye\/skin irritation studies (final report) with cover letter dated 072192. NTIS Report No. OTS0544769."},{"key":"atypb123","unstructured":"Rohm and Haas Co. 1994. Butyl methacrylate-skin irritation following 1 and 4 hour exposures in rabbits. 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