{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T13:08:39Z","timestamp":1781615319757,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Potassium Silicate, Sodium Metasilicate, and Sodium Silicate combine metal cations with silica to form inorganic salts used as corrosion inhibitors in cosmetics. Sodium Metasilicate also functions as a chelating agent and Sodium Silicate as a buffering and pH adjuster. Sodium Metasilicate is currently used in 168 formulations at concentrations ranging from 13% to 18%. Sodium Silicate is currently used in 24 formulations at concentrations ranging from 0.3% to 55%. Potassium Silicate and Sodium Silicate have been reported as being used in industrial cleaners and detergents. Sodium Metasilicate is a GRAS (generally regarded as safe) food ingredient. Aqueous solutions of Sodium Silicate species are a part of a chemical continuum of silicates based on an equilibrium of alkali, water, and silica. pH determines the solubility of silica and, together with concentration, determines the degree of polymerization. Sodium Silicate administered orally is readily absorbed from the alimentary canal and excreted in the urine. The toxicity of these silicates has been related to the molar ratio of SiO2\/Na2O and the concentration being used. The Sodium Metasilicate acute oral LD50 ranged from 847 mg\/kg in male rats to 1349.3 mg\/kg in female rats and from 770 mg\/kg in female mice to 820 mg\/kg in male mice. Gross lesions of variable severity were found in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, larynx, lungs, and kidneys of dogs receiving 0.25 g\/kg or more of a commercial detergent containing Sodium Metasilicate; similar lesions were also seen in pigs administered the same detergent and dose. Male rats orally administered 464 mg\/kg of a 20% solution containing either 2.0 or 2.4 to 1.0 ratio of sodium oxide showed no signs of toxicity, whereas doses of 1000 and 2150 mg\/kg produced gasping, dypsnea, and acute depression. Dogs fed 2.4 g\/kg\/day of Sodium Silicate for 4 weeks had gross renal lesions but no impairment of renal function. Dermal irritation of Potassium Silicate, Sodium Metasilicate, and Sodium Silicate ranged from negligible to severe, depending on the species tested and the molar ratio and concentration tested. Sodium Metasilicate was negative in the local lymph node assay (LLNA), but a delayed-type hypersensitivity response was observed in mice. Potassium Silicate was nonirritating in two acute eye irritation studies in rabbits. Sodium Metasilicate (42.4% H20) was corrosive to the rabbit eye. Sodium Silicate was a severe eye irritant in some eye irritation studies, but was irritating or nonirritating in others. A skin freshener containing Sodium Silicate was nonirritating. Sodium Metasilicate was nonmutagenic in bacterial cells. Rats given Sodium Silicate (600 and 1200 ppm of added silica) in the drinking water in reproductive studies produced a reduced number of offspring: to 67% of controls at 600 ppm and to 80% of controls at 1200 ppm. Three adult rats injected intratesticularly and subcutaneously with 0.8 mM\/kg of Sodium Silicate showed no morphological changes in the testes and no effect on the residual spermatozoa in the ductus deferens. Sodium Metasilicate (37% in a detergent) mixed with water was a severe skin irritant when tested on intact and abraded human skin, but 6%, 7%, and 13% Sodium Silicate were negligible skin irritants to intact and abraded human skin. Sodium Silicate (10% of a 40% aqueous solution) was negative in a repeat-insult predictive patch test in humans. The same aqueous solution of Sodium Silicate was considered a mild irritant under normal use conditions in a study of cumulative irritant properties. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel recognized the irritation potential of these ingredients, especially in leave-on products. However, because these ingredients have limited dermal absorption and Sodium Metasilicate is a GRAS direct food substance, the Panel deemed the ingredients safe for use in cosmetic products in the practices of use and concentration described in this safety assessment, when formulated to avoid irritation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810590918643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,7,7]],"date-time":"2007-07-07T07:07:01Z","timestamp":1183792021000},"page":"103-117","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Potassium Silicate, Sodium Metasilicate, and Sodium Silicate1"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.46429\/jaupr.v52i4.11489","volume":"52","year":"1968","journal-title":"J. Agr. Univ. 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Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (1 page.)"},{"key":"atypb9","unstructured":"CTFA. 1979b. Draize eye irritation test of sodium silicate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (1 page.)"},{"key":"atypb10","unstructured":"CTFA. 1979c. Allergic contact sensitization test of sodium silicate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (9 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb11","unstructured":"CTFA. 1989. 4-day mini-cumulative irritancy test of sodium silicate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (2 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb12","unstructured":"CTFA. 1999. Ingredient use data. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (1 page.)"},{"key":"atypb13","unstructured":"CTFA. 2000a. Technical summary. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA (2 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb14","unstructured":"CTFA. 2000b. Ingredient use data. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA (1 page.)"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/281660"},{"key":"atypb16","first-page":"275","volume":"76","year":"1921","journal-title":"JAMA."},{"key":"atypb17","unstructured":"EUCLID. 2000. Industry data sheet for sodium silicate. Unpublis hed data submitted by CTFA. (58 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb18","unstructured":"European Economic Community (EEC). 1999. EEC Cosmetics Directive 76\/768\/EEC, as amended Annexes I-VII. Brussels: EEC."},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Silicon compounds: Kirk-othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology","year":"1982"},{"key":"atypb20","unstructured":"Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB). 1981. Evaluation of the health aspects of sodium metasilicate and sodium zinc metasilicate as food ingredients. NTIS report No. PB82160367."},{"key":"atypb21","unstructured":"Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2001. Frequency of use of cosmetic ingredients.\n                      FDA database.\n                      Washington, DC: FDA."},{"key":"atypb22","volume-title":"International cosmetic ingredient dictionary and handbook","year":"2004"},{"key":"atypb23","unstructured":"Hill Top Research, Inc. 1979. The study of cumulative irritant properties of a series of test materials. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (5 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"44","volume":"31","year":"1986","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"atypb25","first-page":"547","volume":"99","year":"1960","journal-title":"try-. Ann. Inst. Pasteur"},{"key":"atypb26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0070021"},{"key":"atypb27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02784072"},{"key":"atypb28","first-page":"xlv","volume":"56","year":"1954","journal-title":"Biochem J."},{"key":"atypb29","volume-title":"CRC handbook of chemistry and physics","year":"1993"},{"key":"atypb30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-2333(95)00042-7"},{"key":"atypb31","unstructured":"L'Oreal. 2000a. Elbow crease test with sodium metasilicate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (6 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb32","unstructured":"L' Oreal. 2000b. Semi-occluded patch test with sodium metasilcate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (6 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb33","unstructured":"L'Oreal. 2000c. Elbow crease test with sodium silicate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (6 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb34","unstructured":"L'Oreal. 2000d. Semi-occluded patch test with sodium silicate. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (6 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb35","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare (MHLW). 2000. Pharmaceutical and Medical Safety Bureau Notification No. 990. September 29. Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare, Pharmaceutical and Medical Safety Bureau, Inspection and Guidance Divison, 2-2, 1-chrome, Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-8045, Japan."},{"key":"atypb36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(74)90255-5"},{"key":"atypb37","first-page":"96","volume":"9","year":"1973","journal-title":"Zacchia."},{"key":"atypb38","unstructured":"National Toxicology Program (NTP) 2001. Final report on the assessment of contact hypersensitivity to sodium metasilicate in BALB\/c female mice. Unpublished data submitted by CTFA. (21 pages.)"},{"key":"atypb39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.65.4.872"},{"key":"atypb40","volume-title":"CTFA Compendium of cosmetic ingredient composition-specifications.","year":"1990"},{"key":"atypb41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(75)90272-0"},{"key":"atypb42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100819a001"},{"key":"atypb43","unstructured":"Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS). 1999. Sodium Silicate entry.\n                      RTECS database.\n                      Bestheda, MD: National Library of Medicine."},{"key":"atypb44","first-page":"421","volume":"47","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Enol. Viticulture."},{"key":"atypb45","unstructured":"Rhone-Poulenc Inc. 1971a. Initial submission: Primary skin irritation of sodium hexametaphosphate, powdered, in rabbits with cover letter. NTIS report no. OTS0555931."},{"key":"atypb46","unstructured":"Rhone-Poulenc Inc. 1971b. Intial submission: Comparative toxicology study of disilicates with cover letter dated 10\/23\/92. NTIS report no. OTS0571941."},{"key":"atypb47","unstructured":"Rhone-Poulenc Inc. 1976. Intial submission: Toxicology lab report T-5362 with dry chlorecso with cover letter dated 10\/16\/92. NTIS report no. OTS0571654."},{"key":"atypb48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/239333a0"},{"key":"atypb49","first-page":"85","volume":"3","year":"1963","journal-title":"Zh. Eksp. Klin. Med."},{"key":"atypb50","first-page":"245","volume":"94","year":"1985","journal-title":"Z. Recht, smed."},{"key":"atypb51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/jas1973.362271x"},{"key":"atypb52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1982.01650190072024"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Toxicology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10915810590918643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1080\/10915810590918643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:22:04Z","timestamp":1777458124000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1080\/10915810590918643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1080\/10915810590918643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10915810590918643","relation":{},"ISSN":["1091-5818","1092-874X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1091-5818","type":"print"},{"value":"1092-874X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]}}}