{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:10:25Z","timestamp":1741651825704,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]],"date-time":"2005-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1104537600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Int J Toxicol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene (TNB) is a munitions chemical that causes gliovascular lesions in the brain stem of rats similar to those produced by thiamine deficiency and nitroaromatic compounds, including m-dinitrobenzene. To identify neuropathic indices of toxicity, the effects of varying concentrations (0 to 2 mM) of TNB on cytotoxicity and cellular metabolic activity were examined using cultured astrocytes from Fischer-344 rats. The cytotoxicity was assessed by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage into the culture medium. Astrocyte metabolic activity was assessed by measuring the conversion of a tetrazolium salt to a formazan product. Additionally, the effects of oxidative stress on cellular metabolic activity - were determined by varying oxygen tension via alteration of culture media depth. In vitro, the toxic concentration 50% (TC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>) of TNB, which induced cell death, was 16 \u03bcM following a 24-h exposure. The concentration of TNB that reduced cellular metabolic activity by 50% was 29 \u03bcM following a 24-h exposure. Varying the depth of the culture media did not influence the cellular metabolic activity in control or TNB-treated astrocytes. These results support the hypothesis that TNB induced neurotoxicity could partially be mediated via injury to astrocytes, a major component of the blood-brain barrier. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/10915810590918724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,15]],"date-time":"2005-09-15T04:19:09Z","timestamp":1126757949000},"page":"51-57","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of 1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene on Cytotoxicity and Metabolic Activity of Type I Astrocytes of Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Eric L.","family":"Stair","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gunda","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Toxicology, U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry W.","family":"Ritchey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah T.","family":"Saliki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Charles W.","family":"Qualls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"b1-0240051","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Kirk-Othmer encyclopedia of chemical technology","author":"Barnhart RR","year":"1981","edition":"3"},{"key":"b2-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(86)90561-7"},{"key":"b3-0240051","first-page":"97","volume":"2","author":"Booher J","year":"1972","journal-title":"Neurobiology"},{"key":"b4-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018243"},{"key":"b5-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1993.tb00474.x"},{"key":"b6-0240051","unstructured":"ChandraAM1995Toxicologic and pathologic effects of 1,3,5,trinitrobenzene -TNB- Department of PathologyStillwater, OklahomaOklahoma State UniversityPhD Thesis. p. 136."},{"key":"b7-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.36-3-212"},{"key":"b8-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841097160410"},{"key":"b9-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/019262339502300410"},{"key":"b10-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/009841097160401"},{"key":"b11-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287399509532018"},{"key":"b12-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(97)01163-3"},{"key":"b13-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096032719701600602"},{"key":"b14-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9087237"},{"key":"b15-0240051","first-page":"121","volume-title":"The toxicity of nitroaromatic compounds","author":"Mason RP","year":"1985"},{"key":"b16-0240051","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1987.tb00192.x"},{"key":"b17-0240051","first-page":"551","volume":"37","author":"Qualls CW","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vet. 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