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The repeat number of the DAT polymorphism was assessed in 125 healthy subjects and 104 heroin\u2010dependent subjects (including 52 addicted individuals with violent behaviour and criminal records). There was no significant difference in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles between heroin\u2010dependent subjects and control subjects. On the contrary, there was a significant difference between offenders and non\u2010offenders, p \u200a=\u200a0.004 and p \u200a=\u200a0.002, respectively, among heroin\u2010dependent subjects. No association was found between DAT polymorphism and history of suicide. Buss\u200a\u2013\u200aDurkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) mean total scores were significantly higher in heroin addicts than in controls (p \u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.001) and in antisocial\u200a\u2013\u200aviolent heroin addicts in comparison with addicted individuals without antisocial behaviour (p \u200a&amp;lt;\u200a0.005). The regression analysis of BDHI subscales, performed to provide an estimate of the magnitude of any potential effect on the risk of aggressiveness associated with the variants in DAT VNTR, showed that the presence of the 9\u200a\u2013\u200a9 genotype significantly increases the risk of irritability and direct aggressiveness more than six and 10 times with respect to the 9\u200a\u2013\u200a10 genotype. Our findings suggest that the 9\u2010repeat allele of the DAT polymorphism confers increased susceptibility to antisocial\u200a\u2013\u200aviolent behaviour and aggressiveness, rather than drug dependence per se in heroin\u2010dependent males.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1080\/13556210500223769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,9,7]],"date-time":"2005-09-07T13:56:57Z","timestamp":1126101417000},"page":"275-281","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":41,"title":["Allelic association of a dopamine transporter gene polymorphism with antisocial behaviour in heroin\u2010dependent 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